Understanding Matter and Energy: A Chemistry Primer, Slides of Physiology

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Chemistry Comes Alive

Matter

•^

The “stuff” of the universe

-^

Anything that has mass and takes upspace

-^

States of matter^ –

Solid – has definite shape and volume

Liquid – has definite volume, changeableshape

Gas – has changeable shape and volume

Major Elements of the Human

Body

-^

Carbon

(C)

-^

Hydrogen (H)

-^

Oxygen

(O)

-^

Nitrogen

(N)

Lesser and Trace Elements of the

Human Body

•^

Lesser elements make up 3.9% of thebody and include:^ –

Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K),sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl),magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), and iron (Fe)

-^

Trace elements make up less than 0.01%of the body^ –

They are required in minute amounts, andare found as part of enzymes

Models of the Atom

•^

Planetary Model

• electrons move around

the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits

-^

Orbital Model

• regions around the nucleus

in which electrons are most likely to be found(like a cloud)

Models of the Atom

Figure 2.

Types of Chemical Bonds

•^

Ionic

-^

Covalent

-^

Hydrogen

Figure 2.

Comparison of Ionic, Polar Covalent, and

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Single Covalent Bonds

Figure 2.6a

Cells: The Living Units

Cell Theory

•^

The cell is the basic structural andfunctional unit of life

(Schleiden & Schwann)

• Organismal activity depends on individual

and collective activity of cells

• Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by

subcellular structure

• Continuity of life has a cellular basis• Virchow expanded on the cell theory and

concluded “one living cell could only originatefrom another living cell”

Human cells are microscopic insize , but they vary considerablyin size and differ even more inshape. For example : flat, brickshaped, threadlike, and irregularshapes.

Composition of the CELL

-^

Plasma membrane

-^

Cytoplasma

-^

Organelles

•^

Nucleus