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starch, glycogen, cellulose and other factors in cell formation are explained
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B. Balen
Table 2-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
carbon-based compounds – up to 30 C atoms
molecular weight 100 - 1000 kDa
usually found free in solution
many different fates :
monomer subunits for building macromolecules
source of energy for intracellular metabolic pathways
much less abundant that the organic macromolecules – only about 1/10 of the total mass of organic matter in the cell (Table 2-2).
around 1000 different kinds of these molecules in a typical cell
Four main types of small organic molecules:
sugars
fatty acids (lipids)
amino acids
nucleotides
Energy source
Figure 2-17 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
monosaccharides
Panel 2- 4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
monosaccharides, disaccharides
Panel 2- 4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
chitin
peptidoglycans
proteoglycans
the reaction of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide
condensation – two monosaccharides are joined together as a loss of one H 2 O molecule
hydrolysis – reverse reaction in which H 2 O is added
Figure 2-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Importance :
energy sources
mechanical support
molecular markers
Electron micrograph of a surface of lymphocite
Glycocalyx – simplifed diagram
2.2. Fatty acids (lipids)
palmitic acid
Lipids → fatty acid and their derivatives → water insoluble; soluble in fats and organic solvents
two different structural parts:
saturated chain
Figure 2-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
phospholipids
Panel 2- 5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
other lipids
Panel 2- 5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
2.3. Amino acids
all have carboxylic acid group (COOH) and amino group (NH 2 ) both linked to a single C-atom (α-carbon)
chemical variety → side chain attached to the α-C
Ala
Figure 2-23 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
amino acids linked together – peptid bond
polypeptide or protein – two chemically distinct ends:
Figure 2-24 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)