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Download Understanding Chemical Reactions: Kinetics, Energy, and Cell Division and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Ludwig Boltzmann
Matter is composed of atoms, behavior of atoms accounts for
chemical reactionsPositivism- only basis for true knowledge
was what is observered
TERM 2
Thermodynamics
DEFINITION 2
Relationships among different forms of energyIn chemical
process, there is atransformationof energy.Tells us which
direction a reaction process occurs
TERM 3
Kinetics
DEFINITION 3
The study of motionThe rate of a chemical reaction
TERM 4
What is work?
DEFINITION 4
The movement of an object against force w= F x D
TERM 5
Potential Energy
DEFINITION 5
Stored EnergyPresent in chemical bonds of a molecule
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
TERM 7
What is heat?
DEFINITION 7
Fast moving objects
TERM 8
1st Law of Thermodynamics
DEFINITION 8
Energy can't be created nor destroyed
Energy can be transformed
Total amount of energy in any process is constant
Quantity of energy
TERM 9
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
DEFINITION 9
In any spontaneous process, the energy available to do
work decreases
In spontaneous reactions proceed toward disorder
(entropy)
Quality of Energy
TERM 10
calorie
DEFINITION 10
The amount needed to raise one gram of water to one
degree celsius
Entropy
A formal measure of disorder, has a high value when objects
are disordered or distributed at random and a low value
when they are in order
TERM 17
Two factors that determine whether or not a
reaction occurs?
DEFINITION 17
Energy, more individual bonds it has
Concentration
TERM 18
Equilibrium
DEFINITION 18
When the rate of a forward reaction is equal to the rate of the
reverse reaction
TERM 19
Two factors determine the # of molecules in a
space that will react
DEFINITION 19
Temperature
The height of the activation energy
TERM 20
Catalyst
DEFINITION 20
A substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction
but it's not consumed or changed in the reaction
Active Site
The groove or "cleft" on an enzyme's surface which binds to
the substrate molecule
TERM 22
Activation Energy
DEFINITION 22
The binding of the enzymes lowers the this energy
TERM 23
Three types of weak noncovalent bonds does
a substrate temporarily bind to?
DEFINITION 23
Hydrogen
Ionic
Hydrophobic
TERM 24
What two ways must the substrate and active
site be complementary?
DEFINITION 24
Shape and chemical nature
TERM 25
Transition State
DEFINITION 25
The temporary strained form of the substrate
Inhibitors
Something that restrains, blocks, or suppresses.
TERM 32
Steric (competitive) Inhibitor
DEFINITION 32
Slows down the process of enzyme + substrate
They are competing for the active site
Similar in shape and chemical nature
Reversible
Overcome by adding more substrate or eliminating
inhibitors
If it is a high ratio then the enzyme is inactive
Low ratio the enzyme is active
TERM 33
Allosteric (noncompetitive) Inhibitor
DEFINITION 33
Goes into the allosteric site, denaturing the enzyme, not
allowing substrate into the active site
Poisons, nerve gases, heavy metals, penicillin,
insecticides
TERM 34
Henrietta Lack
DEFINITION 34
Cervical Cancer, first human cells to be successfully
culturedHeLa Cells
TERM 35
HeLa Cells
DEFINITION 35
Used for Polio virus vaccineGenetic engineering
How many cells are in a adult human?
10 trillion or 10^
TERM 37
How many new cells form in about 5 minutes?
DEFINITION 37
1 billion or 10^
TERM 38
Cell Division in a unicellular organism
DEFINITION 38
Asexual reproduction- produces 2 individuals
TERM 39
Cell division to a multicellular organism
DEFINITION 39
Replace worn out cells or damaged cellsGrowth
TERM 40
Cell division to a Zygote?
DEFINITION 40
Embryonic development
Mitosis
Zygote to AdultMaintains diploid number of chromosomes
TERM 47
Fertilization
DEFINITION 47
Restores the diploid number of chromosomes from two
haploid gametes.
TERM 48
Walther Flemming
DEFINITION 48
First biologist to describe the behavior of chromosomes
during mitosis.
TERM 49
August Weismann
DEFINITION 49
Insisted that the nucleus contains the hereditary information
TERM 50
3 tasks accomplished by cell division
DEFINITION 50
DNA replication
Equal distribution of the duplicated DNA to the two
daugther cells
The division of the rest of the cell contains; cytokinesis
3 M's of cell division
Materials- small molecules that are used for energy or
building blocks to make macromolecules
Machinery- macromolecules and organelles for cell division
Memory- encoded info in DNA
TERM 52
Binary Fission
DEFINITION 52
Division of prokaryotic bacteria
TERM 53
Total Chromosomes
DEFINITION 53
Human 46
Fruit Flies 8
Corn 20
Pea Plants 14
TERM 54
Total homologous pairs
DEFINITION 54
Human 23
Fruit flies 4
Corn 10
Pea Plants 7
TERM 55
Homologous Chromosomes
DEFINITION 55
Pairs of matching chromosomes; similar types of genes, one
from mom one from dad
G
Growth andpreparationfor division
TERM 62
Centrioles
DEFINITION 62
Forms the mitotic spindle apparatus and aster rays
TERM 63
Kinetichore
DEFINITION 63
A specialized disc-shaped structure to which attach the
microtubules of the mitotic spindle.
TERM 64
Prophase
DEFINITION 64
Replicated double stranded chromosomes condense from
chromatin material and first visible
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disassemble
Mitotic spindle forms
Duplicated centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
TERM 65
Metaphase
DEFINITION 65
Double stranded chromosomes line up at the equator
Spindle fibers are at their longest
Anaphase
Centromere holding two sister chomatids splits
Shortening of the spindle fibersseparating the sister
chromatids of the double stranded chromosome
Single stranded chromosomes migrate toward opposite
poles
TERM 67
Telephase
DEFINITION 67
Cytokinesis begins
Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin material
Spindle fibers disassemble
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reassemble around two
sets of single stranded chromosomes
TERM 68
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
DEFINITION 68
Cell plate forms from cellulose deposit and forms inside to
the outside
TERM 69
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
DEFINITION 69
Cleavage Furrow; contractile ring forming for the outside
inward and made of actin protein
TERM 70
Chromatid
DEFINITION 70
one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a
duplicated chromosome
nucleosome
segment of DNA wound around a histone protein
TERM 77
proteasome
DEFINITION 77
Digests particular cyclins to cause their levels to decrease
TERM 78
Active Site
DEFINITION 78
Part of an enzyme where substrates bind and undergo a
chemical reaction
TERM 79
Allosteric Site
DEFINITION 79
Where allosteric inhibitors bind to, to denature an enzyme
TERM 80
Histones
DEFINITION 80
proteins that package DNA into nuclesomes
Enzyme
proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical
reactions.
TERM 82
Growth Factors
DEFINITION 82
Naturally occurring substances capable of stimulating cellular
growth.
TERM 83
Microfilaments
DEFINITION 83
Filaments of cytoskeleton
TERM 84
Microtubules
DEFINITION 84
Component of the cytoskeleton
TERM 85
Tubulin
DEFINITION 85
Globular proteins
Synchrohous cell population
When all cells are at the same stage in the cell cycle.Adding
chemical inhibitorsMarine invertebrates
TERM 92
Cell Senescence
DEFINITION 92
Limits the number of times a normal cell can divide
TERM 93
Delta G
DEFINITION 93
Change in free energy+ endergonic- exergonic
TERM 94
Tetraploid
DEFINITION 94
Anaphase and telophase
TERM 95
Induced Fit Hypothesis
DEFINITION 95
Changes shape after the substrate is inside the active site
then it produces a product
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O---> C6H12O6 + 6O2Endergonic
TERM 97
Respiration
DEFINITION 97
C6H12O6 + 6O2---> 6H2O + 6CO2Exergonic
TERM 98
ATP Synthesis
DEFINITION 98
Provides energy for the cell
TERM 99
ATP Hydrolysis
DEFINITION 99
Reaction by the which chemical energy has been stored and
transported in the high energy phospho. bonds in ATP
TERM 100
Contact Inhibitor
DEFINITION 100
Ability for cells to stop dividing when they come in contact
with neighboring cells
