Download Chemistry Terms: Atoms, Ions, Molecules, Bonds, and Biological Compounds and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Biochemistry
The study of the molecules that compose living organism (especially molecule unique to living things, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids) TERM 2
Elements
DEFINITION 2 The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. (Hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) TERM 3
Atomic Number
DEFINITION 3 The number of protons in an elements nucleus TERM 4
Trace elements
DEFINITION 4 The other 12 elements in the bodies weight that together account for 0.7% but individually no more than 0.02% TERM 5
Minerals
DEFINITION 5 Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms.
Atom
Makes up all things because it is the smallest particle we can cut down to. TERM 7
Nucleus
DEFINITION 7 Center of an atom which contains protons (have a single positive charge) and neutrons (have a single negative charge TERM 8
Atomic mass
DEFINITION 8 An elements weight (equal to the its total number of protons and neutrons) TERM 9
Electrons
DEFINITION 9 Around the nucleus (tiny particles with a single negative charge and a very low mass) TERM 10
Valence electrons
DEFINITION 10 Determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom (electrons on the outermost shell)
Biological half-life
the time required for half of it to disappear from the body. TERM 17
Ions
DEFINITION 17 Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons TERM 18
Ionization
DEFINITION 18 Transferring of electrons from one atom to another TERM 19
Anion
DEFINITION 19 The particle that gains electrons acquires a negative charge TERM 20
Cation
DEFINITION 20 The particle that loses electrons acquires a positive charge
Valance
Charge on its ion TERM 22
Electrolytes
DEFINITION 22 Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity TERM 23
Free radicals
DEFINITION 23 Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons TERM 24
Antioxidant
DEFINITION 24 A chemical that neutralizes free radicalsMolecules: Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond TERM 25
Molecules
DEFINITION 25 chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
Isomers
Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms TERM 32
Molecular weight
DEFINITION 32 The sum of the atomic weights of its atoms The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of atomic weights of atoms Calculate: MW of glucose (C6H12O6) 6 C atoms x 12 amu each = 72 amu 12 H atoms x 1 amu each = 12 amu 6 O atoms x 16 amu each = 96 amu Molecular weight (MW) = 180 amu TERM 33
Chemical bonds
DEFINITION 33 A force that attracts molecules together and holds them together TERM 34
Ionic bond
DEFINITION 34 The attraction of a cation to an anion electron donated by one and received by the other Relatively weak attraction that is easily disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves TERM 35
Covalent Bonds
DEFINITION 35 form by the sharing of electrons
nonpolar covalent bond
shared electrons spend approximately equal time around each nucleus strongest of all bonds TERM 37
polar covalent bond
DEFINITION 37 if shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus than they do the other, they lend their negative charge to the area they spend most time TERM 38
Nonpolar covalent bond
DEFINITION 38 the strongest of all chemical bonds TERM 39
Hydrogen bond
DEFINITION 39 A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another TERM 40
Van der Waals forces
DEFINITION 40 Weak brief attractions between neutral atoms
Cohesion
tendency of like molecules to cling to each other TERM 47
Solution
DEFINITION 47 Particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent TERM 48
Solute
DEFINITION 48 can be gas, solid, or liquid TERM 49
Colloids
DEFINITION 49 Mixtures of protein and water TERM 50
Suspension
DEFINITION 50 defined by the following physical properties
Emulsion
A suspension of one liquid in another ( fat in breast milk) TERM 52
Acid
DEFINITION 52 a d proton donor (a molecule that releases a proton in water) TERM 53
Base
DEFINITION 53 Proton acceptor TERM 54
pH
DEFINITION 54 expresses acidity TERM 55
Buffers
DEFINITION 55 Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
Decomposition reactions
A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones TERM 62
Synthesis reactions
DEFINITION 62 Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one TERM 63
Exchange reactions
DEFINITION 63 Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms TERM 64
Reversible reactions
DEFINITION 64 Can go either direction TERM 65
catalysts
DEFINITION 65 substances that temporarily bond to reactants, hold them in favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react.
Equilibrium
The ratio of products to reactants is stable TERM 67
Concentration
DEFINITION 67 Reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concentrated. This is because of molecules are more crowded and collide more frequently TERM 68
Temperature
DEFINITION 68 Reaction rate increases as the temperature rises. This is because heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide with greater force and more frequency TERM 69
Metabolism
DEFINITION 69 All the chemical reactions in the body collectively TERM 70
Catabolism
DEFINITION 70 energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions breaks covalent bonds produces smaller molecules releases useful energy
Hydrolysis
Splitting a polymer (lysis) by the addition of a water molecule (hydro) TERM 77
Monosaccharides
DEFINITION 77 Simple sugars - Glucose - Fructose - Galactose TERM 78
Dissaccharides
DEFINITION 78 Sugars composed of two monosachrides sucrose - table sugar glucose + fructose lactose - sugar in milk glucose + galactose maltose - grain products glucose + glucose TERM 79
Polysacchrides
DEFINITION 79 long chains of glucose TERM 80
Glycogen
DEFINITION 80 An energy-storage polysaccharide made of cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina.
Starch
The corresponding energy-storage polysaccharide of plants TERM 82
Cellulose
DEFINITION 82 A structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants fiber in our diet TERM 83
Conjugated carbohydrate
DEFINITION 83 covalently bound to lipid or protein TERM 84
Proteoglycans
DEFINITION 84 Macromolecules in which the carbohydrate component is dominant and a peptide or protein forms a smaller component TERM 85
Lipid
DEFINITION 85 A hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ration of hydrogen to oxygen
Steroid
A lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings TERM 92
Cholesterol
DEFINITION 92 the parent steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized TERM 93
Protein
DEFINITION 93 A polymer of amino acids TERM 94
Peptide
DEFINITION 94 Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds TERM 95
Peptide bonds
DEFINITION 95 Formed by dehydration synthesis and joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
Oligopeptides
Chains fewer than 10 to 15 amino acids TERM 97
Polypeptides
DEFINITION 97 Chains larger than 15 amino acids TERM 98
Primary structure
DEFINITION 98 proteins sequence amino acid which is encoded in the genes TERM 99
Secondary structure
DEFINITION 99 coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds hydrogen bonds between slightly negative C=O and slightly positive N-H groups TERM 100
Tertiary structure
DEFINITION 100 further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes
