Download Chapter 9 Study Guide | BIOSC 461 - CELL BIOLOGY and more Quizzes Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Plasma Membrane
Controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell and functions in cell-cell signaling and cell adhesion. TERM 2
Mitochondria
DEFINITION 2 (Surrounded by a double membrane) Generates ATP by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids. TERM 3
Lysosomes
DEFINITION 3 (Have acidic lumen) Degrade material internalized by the cell and worn-out cellular membranes and organelles. TERM 4
Nucleolus
DEFINITION 4 Nuclear sub-compartment where most of the cell's rRNA is synthesized. TERM 5
Nucleus
DEFINITION 5 Filled w/ chromatin composed of DNA and proteins; site of mRNA and tRNA synthesis.
Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain hydrophobic compounds. TERM 7
Rough ER
DEFINITION 7 Functions in the synthesis, processing, and sorting of secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and certain membrane proteins. TERM 8
Golgi
Complex
DEFINITION 8 Processes and sorts secreted proteins; lysosomal proteins, and membrane proteins synthesized on the Rough ER TERM 9
Secretory
vesicles
DEFINITION 9 Store secreted proteins and fuse w/ the plasma membrane to release their contents. TERM 10
Peroxisomes
DEFINITION 10 Detoxify various molecules and also break down fatty acids to produce acetyl groups for biosynthesis.
Ribosome
A large complex comprising several different rRNA molecules and more than 50 proteins, organized into a large subunit and small subunit; the engine of translation (protein synthesis) TERM 17
Bright-field Microscopy
DEFINITION 17 (Normal microscope) Visualizing cell structure and localizing proteins w/in cells (PRO); light focused by lens (0.2 microns in size->anything smaller, can't distinguish-CON) PROs-can see nucleus CONs-if two objects are close in space, magnification is different and won't distinguish TERM 18
Phase-contrast microscopy
DEFINITION 18 (Type of light microscope) Uses the different thickness and the refractive index of cells; scatters light so need second lens to catch light. Refractive index: thicker object-light will diffract different w/ different density objects (organelle appears darker) PROs-good for observing single layer of cells/large organelle movement CONs-not good for observing thick slices of tissue/things w/ multiple layers of cells TERM 19
Differential interference contrast microscopy
DEFINITION 19 Image appears like relief map (topography) PROs-looks like higher/lower elevation, sections add up to form 3D image - good for visualizing extremely small objects and thick objects TERM 20
Fluorescence microscopy
DEFINITION 20 Examine specific organelles, cells, or specific proteins using fluorescence -relying on artificial, fluorescent dye that adds to cell/sometimes can rely on something intrinsic to cell (intrinsic fluorescence) -light at one wavelength is being emitted out, strikes object, sends wave back out at different wavelength
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Tag to another protein/can visualize the localization of this protein. -used to localize cells or monitor an uptake (or inhibition) of chemicals into cells TERM 22
Detecting Ion
Fluxes
DEFINITION 22 Dyes to detect intracellular Ca concentrations -monitor the change in Ca^2+ concentration using fura-2 -calcium concentration low inside cell -when get signal, calcium level dramatically increase -passive diffusion/cleaved by esterase - binds to 2 Ca fluorescence TERM 23
Immunofluorescence
DEFINITION 23 Antibody to monitor localization of protein. Makes sure cells attached, cross links DNA and protein together. -Fix the cells -To help visualize different structures, use different types of dyes - Hematoxylin-basic amino acids (cytoplasm) -Eosin-binds to DNA/found in nucleus -You can now localize protein in a cell TERM 24
Traditional vs. Confocal fluorescent
microscopy
DEFINITION 24 Conventional: problem is that tissue (thick) is a blurry image - reason->looking at big tissue and you have fluorescent light that scatters and creates blurry image Confocal: instead of capturing light that goes everywhere, only focusing on one section of one slice TERM 25
Electron microscopy
DEFINITION 25 Developed in attempts to see something smaller than nucleus (ribosomes, golgi, etc.)
Cell Growth
More specialized nutrient requirements and often required specialized solid supports (often from cow/horse) -mammalian cells grow in tissues->@ minimum, require something resembling ECM (i.e. collagen) on which cell may grow (req. nutr. and support to grow) -Can only be kept in culture for so long -Primary culture-
isolated cells divide in 50x, then stop -Immortal cell line->escape dying (senescence)-i.e. tumors, rat cells->keep in culture for years TERM 32
Why would you use cells or cell lines?
DEFINITION 32 Differentiation-myoblasts->can be induced to undergo differentiation and form myotubes Transfect the cell w/ a particular protein to study its function separate from other proteins -looking @ enzymes->can they be inhibited by particular drugs? -adding cranberry juice to study->enzyme actively obliterated (Don't take C. Juice if taking antibiotics) Study Transport using kidney or intestinal cells. These cells maintain their polarity. TERM 33
Monoclonal antibody
DEFINITION 33 To produce: -need to generate immortal antibody producing cells, by fusing B spleen cell lymphocytes w/ a myeloma
