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goes over terminology of the eyes and the ears
Typology: Lecture notes
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Suffixes Pertaining to the Senses ● -esthesia → sensation -algesia → pain -osmia → sense of smell ● -geusia → sense of taste The Senses - Normal Structure and Function ● equilibrium → sense of balance gustation → sense of taste ● hearing → sense or perception of sound olfaction → sense of smell ● proprioception → the awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium ● sensory receptor → sensory nerve ending or specialized structure associated with a sensory nerve that responds to a stimulus ● tactile → pertaining to the sense of touch ● vision → sense by which shape, size, and color of objects are perceived by mans of the light they give off Roots Pertaining to the Ear and Hearing ● audi/o → hearing acous, acus, cus → sound, hearing ot/o → ear ● myring/o → tympanic membrane tympan/o → tympanic cavity (middle ear) ● sapling/o → tube, auditory tube staped/o, stapedi/o → stapes ● labyrinth/o → labyrinth (inner ear) cochle/o → cochlea of inner ear ● vestibul/o → vestibule, vestibular apparatus The Ear - Normal Structure and Function The Ear - Disorders:
● acoustic neuroma → a tumor of the eighth cranial nerve sheath; benign, but can press on surrounding tissue and produce symptoms; also called a schwannoma or neurilemmoma ● conductive hearing loss → hearing impairment that results from blockage of sound transmission to the inner ear ● Meniere disease → a disease associated with increased fluid pressure in the inner ear and characterized by hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus ● otitis externa → inflammation of the external auditory canal; swimmer’s ear ● otitis media → inflammation of the middle ear with accumulation of serous or mucoid fluid ● otosclerosis → formation of abnormal and sometimes hardened bony tissue in the ear; usually occurs around the oval window and the footplate of the stapes, causing immobilization of the stapes and progressive loss of hearing ● sensorineural hearing loss → hearing impairment that results from damage to the inner ear, eighth cranial nerve, or auditory pathways in the brain ● tinnitus → sensation of noises, such as ringing or tinkling, in the ear ● vertigo → illusion of movement, as of the body moving in space or the environment moving about the body;usually caused by disturbances in the vestibular apparatus Ear - Treatment: ● myringotomy → surgical incision of the tympanic membrane; performed to drain the middle ear cavity or to insert a tube into the tympanic membrane for drainage ● stapedectomy → surgical removal of the stapes; it may be combined with insertion of a prosthesis to correct otosclerosis Ear - Normal Structure and Function ● aural → pertaining to or perceived by the ear ● Decibel (dB) → a unit for measuring the relative intensity of sound ● Hertz (Hz) → unit for measuring the frequency of sound ● Mastoid process → small projection of the temporal bone behind the external auditory canal; consists of loosely arranges bony material and small, air-filled cavities ● Stapedius → a small muscle attached to the stapes. It contracts in the presence of a loud sound, producing the acoustic reflex Ear - Symptoms and Conditions ● Cholesteatoma → a cyst-like mass containing cholesterol that is most common in the middle ear and mastoid region; a possible complication of chronic middle ear infection ● Labyrinthitis → inflammation of the labyrinth of the ear (inner ear); otitis interna ● Mastoiditis → inflammation of the air cells of the mastoid process ● Presbycusis → loss of hearing caused by aging; also presbycusis Ear - Diagnosis and Treatment ● Audiometry → measurement of hearing ● Elecronystagmograph (ENG) → a method for recording eye movements by means of electrical responses; such movements may reflect vestibular dysfunction
Eye Disorders ● Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) → deterioration of the macula associated with aging; macula degeneration impairs central vision ● Astigmatism → an error of refraction caused by irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or lens ● Cataract → opacity of the lens in the eye ● Conjunctivitis → inflammation of the conjunctiva; pink eye ● Diabetic retinopathy → degenerative changes in the retina associated with diabetes mellitus ● Glaucoma → a disease of the eye caused by increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic disk and causes loss of vision. Usually results from faulty fluid drainage from the anterior portion of the eye ● Hyperopia → an error of refraction in which light rays focus behind the retina and objects can be seen clearly only when far from the eye; farsightedness ● Myopia → an error of refraction in which light rays focus in front of the retina and objects can be seen clearly only when very close to the eye; nearsightedness ● Ophthalmia neonatorum → severe conjunctivitis usually caused by infection with gonococcus during birth ● Phacoemulsification → removal of a cataract by ultrasonic destruction and extraction of the lens
● Presbyopia → change sin the eye that occur with age; the lens loses elasticity and the ability to accommodate for near vision ● Retinal detachment → separation of the retina from the underlying layer of the eye ● Trachoma → an infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis to inflammation and scarring of the cornea and conjunctiva; a common cause of blindness in underdeveloped countries Eye - Normal Structure and Function ● Canthus → angle at either end of the slit between the eyelids ● Diopter → measurement unit for the refractive power of a lens ● Emmetropia → the normal condition of the eye in refraction, in which parallel light rays focus exactly on the retina ● Fundus → bottom or base; region farthest from the opening of a structure; the back portion of the inside of the eyeball ● Meibomian gland → a sebaceous gland in the eyelid ● Tarsus → framework of dense connective tissue that gives shape to the eyelid ● Zonule → system of fibers that holds the lens in place Eye - Symptoms and Conditions ●