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Chapter 6 notes for Orgo 1, Lecture notes of Organic Chemistry

Should help you with drill manual. Read with the textbook

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/02/2023

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6-1
Energy Diagrams
HO: +
H
C Br
HH
C
H
H H
BrHO
H
CHO H
H
Br
+
δ− δ−
Energy
reaction coordinate: progress of reaction
reactants
products
transition state: highest
energy structure between
reactants and products,
with fleeting existence.
Eact
Grxn
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff

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6-

Energy Diagrams

HO: +

H C Br H H

C

H

H H

HO Br

H HO C H H

δ− δ− + Br

Energy

reaction coordinate: progress of reaction

reactants products

transition state: highest energy structure between reactants and products, with fleeting existence. Eact

G (^) rxn

6-

Equilibria & Kinetics

Equilbrium: How complete?

Kinetics: How fast?

governed byGrxn = -RTlnKeq =Hrxn - TSrxn  ∆ Grxn < 0 favors formation of products

governed by Eact, where rxn rate α e -Eact/RTsmaller Eact or higher temp leads to faster rxnfor a reaction with more than one step, the overall rate of reaction depends on the step with the largest Eact, the rate determining step

  • Although most reactions are EXOTHERMIC, there are many ENDOTHERMIC reactions that occur.
  • Enthalpy and entropy must BOTH be considered when predicting whether a reaction will occur.
  • ENTROPY (Δ S ) can be thought of as molecular disorder, randomness, or freedom.
  • Entropy may most accurately be thought of as the number of states that a molecule’s energy can be distributed over.
  • Which of the two molecules below should have greater entropy? WHY?

6.2 Entropy Δ S

Klein, Organic Chemistry

  • The total entropy change will determine whether a process is spontaneous (favors the forward direction): - If Δ S tot is positive, the process is spontaneous. What if Δ S tot is negative?
  • For each of the reactions below, predict the sign for Δ S sys.

6.2 Entropy Δ S

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (^) Klein, Organic Chemistry

  • If a process at a given temperature is calculated to have a (+) Δ G , the process is ENDERGONIC. - It will be NONSPONTANEOUS and favor the reactants. - What does it mean exactly to FAVOR the reactants?
  • Practice with CONCEPTUAL CHECKPOINT 6.4.

6.3 Gibbs Free Energy Δ G

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (^) Klein, Organic Chemistry

  • To quantify how much the reactant concentration affects the rate of reaction, the rate law equation is used: - The degree to which a change in [reactant] will affect the rate is known as the ORDER. - The ORDER is represented by x and y in the rate law equation:

6.5 Kinetics – Rate Law Equations

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (^) Klein, Organic Chemistry

  • Why does a lower Eact result in a greater reaction rate?

6.5 Kinetics – Factors that Affect Rates

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (^) Klein, Organic Chemistry

  • Distinguish between KINETICS and THERMODYNAMICS.

6.6 Energy Diagrams

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (^) Klein, Organic Chemistry

  • For each of the diagrams below, will the transition state structure look more like the reactants or the products?

6.6 Energy Diagrams –

The Hammond Postulate

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (^) Klein, Organic Chemistry

M6Q1: Which are the kinetic products in the energy diagram below, and which are the thermodynamic products?

a. C+D are thermodynamic, E+F are kinetic b. C+D are kinetic, E+F are thermodynamic c. C+D are thermodynamic and kinetic d. E+F are thermodynamic and kinetic