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Chapter 6 lecture notes, Lecture notes of Biology

Study guide for chapter 6. Bones and skeletal system

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Uploaded on 03/28/2025

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Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal System
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage help form the skeleton
Skeletal cartilage
Comprises the skeleton in early embryonic development –
replaced over time by bone
oFew cartilages remain in adults, but their job is still very
important
oMade of some variety of ________________
Consists primarily of ______________
oContains no _______________ or ________________ vessels
Surrounded by the __________________
oDense irregular connective tissue
oResist outward expansion when the cartilage is
compressed
oContains blood vessels to nourish the cartilage cells
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Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal System Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage help form the skeleton Skeletal cartilage  Comprises the skeleton in early embryonic development – replaced over time by bone o Few cartilages remain in adults, but their job is still very important o Made of some variety of ________________  Consists primarily of ______________ o Contains no _______________ or ________________ vessels  Surrounded by the __________________ o Dense irregular connective tissue o Resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed o Contains blood vessels to nourish the cartilage cells

 Basic components of cartilage: o Cells called __________________ o Cavities within the ECM – called ___________________  Encloses the cells  3 Types: 1__________________ 2__________________ 3__________________ 1) Hyaline cartilage  Provide support with flexibility and resilience  Contain fine _____________ fibers that are not visible with a basic compound light microscope  Comprises most skeletal cartilages: articular (joints), costal (rib cage), respiratory, and nasal 2) Elastic cartilages  Resemble hyaline but have more _____________ fibers

2)_________________________

 Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix  Expands cartilage ______________ the tissue  Growth typically stops during adolescence when the skeleton stops growing  Cartilage can become hardened due to deposits of calcium salts (calcified) o Calcified cartilage is NOT bone Bone Seven functions: 1_____________________________ 2_____________________________ 3_____________________________ 4_____________________________ 5_____________________________

6_____________________________

7_____________________________

Bone classification Two groups of bones in the skeleton: o ________________  Long axis of the body  Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage  Protect, support, and carry other body parts o ________________  bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles  attach limbs to the axial skeleton  help move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment

 Sternum  Scapulae  Ribs  Most cranial bones 4)________________ o Complicated shapes that fit none of the other classes o Examples: vertebrae and hip bones Bone structure overview  Bones are considered ____________ because they contain different types of tissues  Bone tissue is called ____________ tissue 5 Types of tissue in bones: 1______________: dominates bones 2___________________________ found in nerves 3__________________________ : found in articular cartilages 4___________________________ found on the external surface

5___________________________ found in the blood vessels Compact and spongy bone All bones consist of outer compact bone and inner spongey bone Gross anatomy:  External layer: ________________ o Dense, solid, smooth outer layer  Internal layer: ________________ o Small needlelike trabeculae (“little beams”) o In living bone, air spaces are filled with bone marrow (red or yellow) Short, irregular, and flat bones consist of:  Thin plates of ____________ bone covered by _____________ bone  Compact bone covered outside and inside by ________________ and ____________ (connective tissue membranes)  No shaft or expanded ends

 Located between _________________ and


 Remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate in children; disc of hyalin cartilage) Membranes of bones Periosteum o “peri” = _____________ o “osteum” = ______________ o Covers entire bone except for ________________ o Fibrous layer: _____________________ o Osteogenic layer: contains cells  __________________  Primitive stem cells  Give rise to most bone cells  __________________

 Bone destroying cells  _________________  Bone forming cells o High in nerve fibers and blood vessels  This is why breaking a bone hurts and bleeds o _______________ fibers: secure periosteum to underlying bone o Provides anchoring for tendons and ligaments  Endosteum: the internal surface of bones o Covers _____________ bone surfaces o Covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals passing through compact bone o Contains same cells types as osteogenic layer of the periosteum Blood vessels and nerves  Bones are highly _______________

1______________________

2______________________

3______________________

4______________________

5______________________

1) Osteoprogenitor cells  Mitotically active ________ cells  Found in the ______________ and _______________  Stimulation: differentiate into __________________ 2) Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Actively __________  Secrete ______________ bone matrix o Unmineralized bone = _____________________ o Collagen o Calcium-binding proteins

 Play a role in matrix calcification (hardening)  Active form: _______________  Inactive form: _______________  Become mature ________________ when completely surround by secreted matrix 3) Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Occupy spaces called ______________  Function: __________________ and __________________ bone matrix  Communicate information for bone _________________ to _______________ and ________________ o Which is responsible for bone resorption?


o Which is responsible for building up bone?


o Matrix tubes (tree rings): ____________  Collagen fibers run parallel in a single direction in one lamella  Run opposite directions in adjacent lamellae  Alternating pattern: resists torsional stress and twisting o Canals and caliculi  Types:  ________________ o Vascularized and innervated  ________________ o Connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals  _______________ o Located at lamella (“tree ring”) junctions o Contain ________________

 ________________

o Connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal (blood and nerve supply)  Interstitial and circumferential lamellae o Not part of complete osteons o Surround osteons or fill gaps between them Spongy bone microscopic anatomy  Contain trabeculae o Resist ___________  No osteons are present Chemical bone anatomy consist of organic and inorganic componentsOrganic components o _______________ o _______________

 Why would having flexible structures fashioning the embryonic skeleton be important?



o Reminder: cartilage is replaced by bone, it is not converted into bone Two main processes of bone formation in fetus :1) _____________________ and 2)_____________________ 1) Endochondral Ossification  Bone develops by ________________ hyaline cartilage  Resulting bone is called an ________________________________ (  Develops all bones below base of skull, except


 Uses hyaline cartilage models of the embryo as patterns for bone construction Endochondral Ossification: Step 1

 Formation of ____________________ around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model o Perichondrium is converted into __________________  Remember: perichondrium surrounds cartilage; it is dense irregular connective tissue, not cartilage connective tissue; cartilage is not converted into bone o Osteoid secretion against the hyaline ___________________ forms the bone collar o Chondrocytes within shaft ________________ (enlarge), generating the ___________________________________________ Endochondral Ossification: Step 2  Cartilage _______________ and develops __________________ Endochondral Ossification: Step 3  Formation of _______________ by invasion of periosteal bud into the internal cavities