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Muscle Physiology: Terminology and Functions, Quizzes of Physiology

Definitions and terminology related to muscle physiology, including the functions of muscles, types of muscles, microfilaments, and the process of muscle contraction.

Typology: Quizzes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/16/2012

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TERM 1
The ability of muscles to shorten depends on
what two types of microfilaments?
DEFINITION 1
Actin and Myosin
TERM 2
What are the four functions of muscles?
DEFINITION 2
1. Movement2. Posture3. Stabilize joints4. Generate Heat
TERM 3
What fraction of ATP is given off as heat
during a muscle contraction?
DEFINITION 3
3/4
TERM 4
Three types of
muscles
DEFINITION 4
1. Skeletal2. Cardiac3. Smooth
TERM 5
Muscle cells are also known as?
DEFINITION 5
Muscle fibers
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The ability of muscles to shorten depends on

what two types of microfilaments?

Actin and Myosin

TERM 2

What are the four functions of muscles?

DEFINITION 2

1. Movement2. Posture3. Stabilize joints4. Generate Heat

TERM 3

What fraction of ATP is given off as heat

during a muscle contraction?

DEFINITION 3

TERM 4

Three types of

muscles

DEFINITION 4

1. Skeletal2. Cardiac3. Smooth

TERM 5

Muscle cells are also known as?

DEFINITION 5

Muscle fibers

Contraction of muscles is due to the

movement of what?

Microfilaments

TERM 7

The prefix myo refers to?

DEFINITION 7

Muscle

TERM 8

The prefix mys refers to?

DEFINITION 8

Muscle

TERM 9

The prefix sarco pertains to?

DEFINITION 9

Flesh

TERM 10

What type of muscle makes up 40% of body

mass?

DEFINITION 10

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscles have what two

properties?

Irritability and Contractility (shorten)

TERM 17

Describe the nucleus of the microscopic

skeletal muscle cell

DEFINITION 17

Cells are multinucleatedNuclei are just beneath the

sarcolemma.

TERM 18

Where are the nuclei of the skeletal muscle

cells located?

DEFINITION 18

Just beneath the sclera

TERM 19

What is the plasma membrane of muscle

fibers called?

DEFINITION 19

Sarcolemma

TERM 20

What is Sarcolemma?

DEFINITION 20

The plasma membrane of muscle fibers

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Specialized smooth ER that stores Ca++ ions

TERM 22

Bundles of microfilaments are called

what?

DEFINITION 22

Microfibrils

TERM 23

Contractile and Structural unit of a muscle

fiber

DEFINITION 23

Sarcomere

TERM 24

What is a Sarcomere

DEFINITION 24

The functional structural and contractile unit of skeletal

muscle

TERM 25

In the sarcomere, thick microfilaments are

what kind of filaments?

DEFINITION 25

Myosin

The gap between the terminal end of a motor

neuron and muscle cell membrane

Synaptic Cleft

TERM 32

Neurotransmitter

DEFINITION 32

Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse at

the axonal terminal (it is Acetylcholine [Ach] where nerve

meets muscle fiber.)

TERM 33

What happens to a nerve when it recieves an

impulse at the axonal terminal?

DEFINITION 33

It releases a Neurotransmitter

TERM 34

What is the name of the Neurotransmitter

when a nerve meets muscle fiber?

DEFINITION 34

Acetylcholine

TERM 35

Muscle fiber contraction is "_________"

DEFINITION 35

All or none

Different degrees of skeletal muscle

shortening

Graded reponses

TERM 37

How many types of Graded Responses are

there? Name them

DEFINITION 37

4. Twitch, Tetanus, Unfused, Fused.

TERM 38

A single, brief contraction not a normal

function.

DEFINITION 38

Twitch;type of Graded Response

TERM 39

Tetanus

DEFINITION 39

Summing of contractions;One contraction is immediately

followed by another;the muscle does not completely return

to a resting state;the effects are added;Type of Graded

Response

TERM 40

Some relaxation occurs between contraction;

the results are summed

DEFINITION 40

Unifused (incomplete) tetanus;Type of Graded Response

In direct phosphorylation, how long does it

take for the CP supply to be depleted?

About 20 seconds

TERM 47

Aerobic Respiration is also called

what?

DEFINITION 47

Oxidative Phosphorylation

TERM 48

Aerobic Resporation (also called oxidative

phosphorylation)

DEFINITION 48

In what type of energy source for muscle contraction does a

series of metabolic pathways in mitochondria slowly break

down Glucose into CO2 and water, releasing energy?

TERM 49

In Direct Phosphorylation, where does the

energy for muscles come from?

DEFINITION 49

Creatine Phosphate stored in muscle

TERM 50

What energy source for muscle contraction

requires continuous Oxygen?

DEFINITION 50

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Reaction that breaks down Glucose without oxygen, in

whichGlucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce

some ATP;Pyruvic Acid is convertic to lactic Acid, which

produces muscle fatigue.

TERM 52

In Anaerobic Glycolysis, how is ATP

created??

DEFINITION 52

Glucose is broken down to Pyruvic Acid

TERM 53

What is the process of Anaerobic

Glycolysis?

DEFINITION 53

1. Glucose becomes Pyruvic Acid which creates ATP.2.

Pyruvic Acid is then converted to Lactic Acid which produces

muscle fatigue.

TERM 54

What produces muscle fatigue, In what

process for energy for muscle contraction is

this found

DEFINITION 54

Lactic Acid; Anaerobic Glycolysis

TERM 55

What process for energy for muscle

contraction is not efficient, but fast.

DEFINITION 55

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A muscle cannot contract when the muscle

has too much ____ and not enough ___ due to

____.

Muscle has too much lactic acid and not enough ATP due to

lack of oxygen

TERM 62

The difference btwn the resting rate of O

consumption and the elevated rate following

exercise

DEFINITION 62

Oxygen Debt

TERM 63

What are the types of muscle contractions?

DEFINITION 63

Isotonic Contractions and Isometric contractions

TERM 64

Isotonic

Contractions

DEFINITION 64

Occurs when myofilaments are able to slide past each other

during contractions and the muscle shortens, movements

occur.1 of 2 types of muscle contractions

TERM 65

Occurs when myofilaments can slide past

eachother during contractions, shortening

muscle.

DEFINITION 65

Isotonic Contractions

Isomeric

Contractions

Tension in the muscle increases;muscle is unable to

shorten.1 of 2 types of muscle contractions

TERM 67

Occurs when tension in the muscle increases

and it is unable to shorten.

DEFINITION 67

Isomeric Contraction

TERM 68

Give an example of an Isotonic Contraction

DEFINITION 68

Weight lifting

TERM 69

Give an example of an Isomeric Contraction

DEFINITION 69

Pushing against a brick wall

TERM 70

Muscle tone

DEFINITION 70

A state of sustained partial muscular contraction that is vital

for the health of muscles

What is the first step in muscle contraction

A nerve impulse reaches the end of a motor neuron

TERM 77

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches

the end of a motor neuron

DEFINITION 77

It triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

TERM 78

After Acetylcholine is released, what does it

do?

DEFINITION 78

It diffuses across the synaptic cleft of the neromuscular

junction

TERM 79

After Acetylcholine diffuses across the

synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction,

it..?

DEFINITION 79

Binds to the acetylocholine receptors

TERM 80

Where are the acetylocholine receptors

located?

DEFINITION 80

On the motor endplate of the muscle fiber. (cell)

Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors causes

what?

It initiates an impulsethat travels along the sarcolemma

down into the fiber (cell) sarcoplasm

TERM 82

The acetylcholine receptors cause an impulse

that travels along the ___ down into the ____

DEFINITION 82

Sarcolemma down into the Fiber (cell) Sarcoplasm

TERM 83

After the impulse reaches the fiber (cell)

sarcoplasm, it goes where? What happens?

DEFINITION 83

It goes down into the fiber (cell) sarcoplasm to the

sarcoplasmic reticulum, where Ca++ ions are released.

TERM 84

The Ca++ ions released by the sarcoplasmic

reticulum do what?

DEFINITION 84

They bind to the regulatory protiens on the Actin

myofilaments.

TERM 85

The Ca++ ions on the regulatory protiens on

the Actin myofilaments causes?

DEFINITION 85

The regulatory protiens change both shape and position on

the Actin myofilaments

What happens to the converted ADP after the

sliding of the Actin Myofilament?

Another phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP.

TERM 92

After the phosphate is added to the converted

ADP and ATP is reformed, what is achieved?

DEFINITION 92

This recocks the crossbridge to continue to help move the

Actin myofilaments.

TERM 93

After the muscle contraction has subsided,

what happens to the Ca++ and Sarcolemma?

DEFINITION 93

The Caa++ ions retreat back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

and the sarcolemma is back at it's resting state.

TERM 94

What causes the retreat of Caa+ ions and

Sarcolemma back to their original states?

DEFINITION 94

The out-rushing of K+ ions and the Na+--K+ pump