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The ability of muscles to shorten depends on
what two types of microfilaments?
Actin and Myosin
TERM 2
What are the four functions of muscles?
DEFINITION 2
1. Movement2. Posture3. Stabilize joints4. Generate Heat
TERM 3
What fraction of ATP is given off as heat
during a muscle contraction?
DEFINITION 3
TERM 4
Three types of
muscles
DEFINITION 4
1. Skeletal2. Cardiac3. Smooth
TERM 5
Muscle cells are also known as?
DEFINITION 5
Muscle fibers
Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of what?
Microfilaments
TERM 7
The prefix myo refers to?
DEFINITION 7
Muscle
TERM 8
The prefix mys refers to?
DEFINITION 8
Muscle
TERM 9
The prefix sarco pertains to?
DEFINITION 9
Flesh
TERM 10
What type of muscle makes up 40% of body
mass?
DEFINITION 10
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles have what two
properties?
Irritability and Contractility (shorten)
TERM 17
Describe the nucleus of the microscopic
skeletal muscle cell
DEFINITION 17
Cells are multinucleatedNuclei are just beneath the
sarcolemma.
TERM 18
Where are the nuclei of the skeletal muscle
cells located?
DEFINITION 18
Just beneath the sclera
TERM 19
What is the plasma membrane of muscle
fibers called?
DEFINITION 19
Sarcolemma
TERM 20
What is Sarcolemma?
DEFINITION 20
The plasma membrane of muscle fibers
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Specialized smooth ER that stores Ca++ ions
TERM 22
Bundles of microfilaments are called
what?
DEFINITION 22
Microfibrils
TERM 23
Contractile and Structural unit of a muscle
fiber
DEFINITION 23
Sarcomere
TERM 24
What is a Sarcomere
DEFINITION 24
The functional structural and contractile unit of skeletal
muscle
TERM 25
In the sarcomere, thick microfilaments are
what kind of filaments?
DEFINITION 25
Myosin
The gap between the terminal end of a motor
neuron and muscle cell membrane
Synaptic Cleft
TERM 32
Neurotransmitter
DEFINITION 32
Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse at
the axonal terminal (it is Acetylcholine [Ach] where nerve
meets muscle fiber.)
TERM 33
What happens to a nerve when it recieves an
impulse at the axonal terminal?
DEFINITION 33
It releases a Neurotransmitter
TERM 34
What is the name of the Neurotransmitter
when a nerve meets muscle fiber?
DEFINITION 34
Acetylcholine
TERM 35
Muscle fiber contraction is "_________"
DEFINITION 35
All or none
Different degrees of skeletal muscle
shortening
Graded reponses
TERM 37
How many types of Graded Responses are
there? Name them
DEFINITION 37
4. Twitch, Tetanus, Unfused, Fused.
TERM 38
A single, brief contraction not a normal
function.
DEFINITION 38
Twitch;type of Graded Response
TERM 39
Tetanus
DEFINITION 39
Summing of contractions;One contraction is immediately
followed by another;the muscle does not completely return
to a resting state;the effects are added;Type of Graded
Response
TERM 40
Some relaxation occurs between contraction;
the results are summed
DEFINITION 40
Unifused (incomplete) tetanus;Type of Graded Response
In direct phosphorylation, how long does it
take for the CP supply to be depleted?
About 20 seconds
TERM 47
Aerobic Respiration is also called
what?
DEFINITION 47
Oxidative Phosphorylation
TERM 48
Aerobic Resporation (also called oxidative
phosphorylation)
DEFINITION 48
In what type of energy source for muscle contraction does a
series of metabolic pathways in mitochondria slowly break
down Glucose into CO2 and water, releasing energy?
TERM 49
In Direct Phosphorylation, where does the
energy for muscles come from?
DEFINITION 49
Creatine Phosphate stored in muscle
TERM 50
What energy source for muscle contraction
requires continuous Oxygen?
DEFINITION 50
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Reaction that breaks down Glucose without oxygen, in
whichGlucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce
some ATP;Pyruvic Acid is convertic to lactic Acid, which
produces muscle fatigue.
TERM 52
In Anaerobic Glycolysis, how is ATP
created??
DEFINITION 52
Glucose is broken down to Pyruvic Acid
TERM 53
What is the process of Anaerobic
Glycolysis?
DEFINITION 53
1. Glucose becomes Pyruvic Acid which creates ATP.2.
Pyruvic Acid is then converted to Lactic Acid which produces
muscle fatigue.
TERM 54
What produces muscle fatigue, In what
process for energy for muscle contraction is
this found
DEFINITION 54
Lactic Acid; Anaerobic Glycolysis
TERM 55
What process for energy for muscle
contraction is not efficient, but fast.
DEFINITION 55
Anaerobic Glycolysis
A muscle cannot contract when the muscle
has too much ____ and not enough ___ due to
____.
Muscle has too much lactic acid and not enough ATP due to
lack of oxygen
TERM 62
The difference btwn the resting rate of O
consumption and the elevated rate following
exercise
DEFINITION 62
Oxygen Debt
TERM 63
What are the types of muscle contractions?
DEFINITION 63
Isotonic Contractions and Isometric contractions
TERM 64
Isotonic
Contractions
DEFINITION 64
Occurs when myofilaments are able to slide past each other
during contractions and the muscle shortens, movements
occur.1 of 2 types of muscle contractions
TERM 65
Occurs when myofilaments can slide past
eachother during contractions, shortening
muscle.
DEFINITION 65
Isotonic Contractions
Isomeric
Contractions
Tension in the muscle increases;muscle is unable to
shorten.1 of 2 types of muscle contractions
TERM 67
Occurs when tension in the muscle increases
and it is unable to shorten.
DEFINITION 67
Isomeric Contraction
TERM 68
Give an example of an Isotonic Contraction
DEFINITION 68
Weight lifting
TERM 69
Give an example of an Isomeric Contraction
DEFINITION 69
Pushing against a brick wall
TERM 70
Muscle tone
DEFINITION 70
A state of sustained partial muscular contraction that is vital
for the health of muscles
What is the first step in muscle contraction
A nerve impulse reaches the end of a motor neuron
TERM 77
What happens when a nerve impulse reaches
the end of a motor neuron
DEFINITION 77
It triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
TERM 78
After Acetylcholine is released, what does it
do?
DEFINITION 78
It diffuses across the synaptic cleft of the neromuscular
junction
TERM 79
After Acetylcholine diffuses across the
synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction,
it..?
DEFINITION 79
Binds to the acetylocholine receptors
TERM 80
Where are the acetylocholine receptors
located?
DEFINITION 80
On the motor endplate of the muscle fiber. (cell)
Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors causes
what?
It initiates an impulsethat travels along the sarcolemma
down into the fiber (cell) sarcoplasm
TERM 82
The acetylcholine receptors cause an impulse
that travels along the ___ down into the ____
DEFINITION 82
Sarcolemma down into the Fiber (cell) Sarcoplasm
TERM 83
After the impulse reaches the fiber (cell)
sarcoplasm, it goes where? What happens?
DEFINITION 83
It goes down into the fiber (cell) sarcoplasm to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, where Ca++ ions are released.
TERM 84
The Ca++ ions released by the sarcoplasmic
reticulum do what?
DEFINITION 84
They bind to the regulatory protiens on the Actin
myofilaments.
TERM 85
The Ca++ ions on the regulatory protiens on
the Actin myofilaments causes?
DEFINITION 85
The regulatory protiens change both shape and position on
the Actin myofilaments
What happens to the converted ADP after the
sliding of the Actin Myofilament?
Another phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP.
TERM 92
After the phosphate is added to the converted
ADP and ATP is reformed, what is achieved?
DEFINITION 92
This recocks the crossbridge to continue to help move the
Actin myofilaments.
TERM 93
After the muscle contraction has subsided,
what happens to the Ca++ and Sarcolemma?
DEFINITION 93
The Caa++ ions retreat back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
and the sarcolemma is back at it's resting state.
TERM 94
What causes the retreat of Caa+ ions and
Sarcolemma back to their original states?
DEFINITION 94
The out-rushing of K+ ions and the Na+--K+ pump
