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Osmoregulation
___________________ is the homeostatic control of the uptake and loss of water and solutes such as salt and other ions. TERM 2
Osmosis
DEFINITION 2 ________________ is one process whereby animals regulate their uptake and loss of fluids. TERM 3
Osmoconformers
DEFINITION 3 _______________________ have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to that of seawater, face no substantial challenges in water balance, and include many marine invertebrates. TERM 4
Fresh
DEFINITION 4 _______ water fish grain water by osmosis, lose salt by diffusion to the more dilute environment, take in salt through their gills and in food, and excrete excess water in dilute urine. TERM 5
Salt
DEFINITION 5 ______ water fish lose water by osmosis from the gills and body surface, drink seawater, and use their gills and kidneys to excrete salt.
Land animals
___________________ face the risk of dehydration, lose water by evaporation and waste disposal, gain water by drinking and eating, and conserve water by: reproductive adaptation, behavior adaptations, waterproof skin, and efficient kidneys. TERM 7
Metabolism/Nitrogenous
DEFINITION 7 ___________ produces toxic by-products. _____________ wastes are toxic breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids. Animals dispose of nitrogenous wastes in different ways. TERM 8
Ammonia
DEFINITION 8 _______________ (NH3) is poisonous, too toxic to be stored in the body, soluble in water, and easily disposed of by aquatic animals. TERM 9
Urea
DEFINITION 9 ________ is produced in the vertebrate liver by combining ammonia and carbon dioxide, less toxic, easier to store, and highly soluble in water. TERM 10
Uric Acid
DEFINITION 10 _____________ is excreted by some land animals (insects, land snails, and many reptiles) relatively nontoxic, largely insoluble in water, excreted as a semisolid paste, conserving water, bu more energy expensive to produce.
Reabsorption
_____________ refines the filtrate, reclaims valuable solutes (such as glucose, salt, and amino acids) from the filtrate, and returns these to the blood. TERM 17
Secretion
DEFINITION 17 Substances in the blood are transported into the filtrate by the process of ____________. TERM 18
Excretion
DEFINITION 18 By _______________, the final product, urine, is excreted via the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. TERM 19
NaCl
DEFINITION 19 High ____________ concentration in the medulla promotes reabsorption of water. TERM 20
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
DEFINITION 20 ____________________________ regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys by: signaling nephrons to reabsorb water from the filtrate, returning it to the blood, and decreasing it to the blood, and decreasing the amount of water excreted.
Diuretics
_____________ inhibits the release of ADH and include alcohol and caffieine. TERM 22
Kidney
DEFINITION 22 _________ failure can result from hypertension, disbetes, and prolonged use of common drugs, including alcohol.
