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Gravity
In many animals, the pull of _________ influences the flow of blood through the body. TERM 2
Nutrients/Gases/Wastes
DEFINITION 2 All cells must receive __________, exchange _______, and remove ___________ TERM 3
Open Circulatory
System
DEFINITION 3 ___________________ are found in arthopods and many molluscs and consist of a heart, open-ended vessels, and blood that directly bathes the cells and functions as the interstitial fluid TERM 4
Closed Circulatory
Systems
DEFINITION 4 _________________ are found in vertebrates, earth worms, squids, and octopuses and consist of a heart and vessels that confine blood, keeping it distinct from interstitial fluid. TERM 5
Cardiovascular. 1) Arteries 2) Veins 3)
Capillaries
DEFINITION 5 The vertebrate circulatory system is often called a ______________ system, including three types of vessels. 1____________ carry blood away from the heart. 2__________ return blood to the heart. 3____________ convey blood between arteries and veins.
Atrium/Ventricle
The cardiovascular system of a fish includes a heart with 2 main chambers. 1. The ___________ receives blood from veins.
- The ___________ pumps blood to gills via large arteries. TERM 7
Aterioles/Capillaries/Capillary beds/Venules
DEFINITION 7 These large arteries branch into _____________ that gives rise to ____________, the smallest blood vessels, which branch into networks called ____________. Capillaries converge into ___________, which in turn converge into larger veins. TERM 8
Double Circulation/Pulmonary/Systemic
DEFINITION 8 Land vertabrates have a _________________ consisting of a separate ______________ circuit and ___________ circuit. TERM 9
Fish/Single Circulation
DEFINITION 9 A two-chambered heart is a characteristic of ____________ and pumps blood in a _______________ in which blood moves from gill capillaries to systemic capillaries, and back to the heart. TERM 10
Amphibians, turtles, snakes, and lizards
DEFINITION 10 Three-chambered hearts are found in _________________________________________________ and consist of two atria and one undivided ventricle. This arrangement generally separates oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood.
Heart Rate
_____________ is the number of beats per minute. TERM 17
Heart Valves
DEFINITION 17 ____________ prevent the backflow of blood. TERM 18
Heart Murmur
DEFINITION 18 A _____________ is a defect is one or more heart valves that permits a backflow of blood and reduces the cardiac output. TERM 19
Pacemaker/AV node
DEFINITION 19 The _____________ (SA node) sets the rate of heart contractions and generates electric signals in atria. The ___________ relays these signals to the ventricles and causes ventricular contraction. TERM 20
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
DEFINITION 20 An ________________ records electrical changes in the heart.
Automatic External Defibrillators
________________________________ shock the heart, reset the SA node, and save thousands of lives. TERM 22
Stroke/Antherosclerosis
DEFINITION 22 A ____________, death of brain tissue from blocked or ruptured arteries in the head and ____________, in which fatty deposits in the walls of arteries narrow the blood vessels and restrict blood flow. TERM 23
Capillaries
DEFINITION 23 _______________ have thin walls consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells, are narrow (about as wide as one red blood cell) and increase surface area for gas and fluid exchange with the interstitial fluid. TERM 24
Arteries/Veins
DEFINITION 24 _______ and ___________ are lined by a single layer of epithelial cells and have elastic fibers in an outer connective tissue tlayer that allows these vessels to recoil after stretching. TERM 25
Arteries
DEFINITION 25 ______________ contain a thick layer of epithelial tissue in their walls that can constrict and reduce blood flow.
Precapillary Sphincters
Blood flow through capillaries is restricted by _________________. TERM 32
Plasma
DEFINITION 32 Blood consists of several types of cells suspended in a liquid called _______, which is about 90% water and contains many different substances. TERM 33
Red Blood Cells/White Blood Cells
DEFINITION 33 Two classes of cells are suspended in blood plasma. _____________ or erythocytes transport O2 bound to hemoglobin. ________________ or leukocytes function inside and outside of the circulatory system and fight infections and cancer. TERM 34
Phagocytes
DEFINITION 34 Monocytes and neutrophils are white blood cells called ____________, which engulf and digest bacteria and debries from our own dead cells. TERM 35
Anemia
DEFINITION 35 ____________ can be caused by low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells. __________ causes fatigue due to lack of oxygen in tissues.
Erythropoietin
The hormone ___________________ (EPO) regulates red blood cell production. TERM 37
Platelets
DEFINITION 37 When a blood vessel is damaged, ___________ rapidly adhere to the exposed connective tissue and a cluster of sticky ________ forms a plug. TERM 38
Fibrinogen to Fibrin
DEFINITION 38 Clotting factors released from platelets and in the plasma help trigger the conversion of the plasma protein ___________ to __________, a threadlike protein that helps form a clot that plugs the leak. TERM 39
Multipotent Stem Cells
DEFINITION 39 _________________ are unspecialized and replace themselves throughout the life of an organism. TERM 40
Lymphoid/Myeloid
DEFINITION 40 Multipotent Stem Cells can differientiate into two main types of stem cells. _________ stem cells can in turn produce two types of lymphocytes, which function in the immune system. ________ stem cells can differentiate into erthrocytes, other white blood cells, and platelets.
