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Gas
Exchange
The process of ____________ is sometimes called respiration, the interchange of O2 and the waste product of CO2, between an organism and its environment. TERM 2
Breathing/Transport of O2 & CO2 in
blood/Exchange of gases with body cells.
DEFINITION 2 What are the 3 phases of gas exchange occurring in humans and other animals with lungs? 1) ______________ 2) ________________ 3) ____________________. TERM 3
Moist/Thin
DEFINITION 3 Respiratory surfaces must be __________ (diffusion of O2 and CO2) and ___________ (to best facilitate diffusion). TERM 4
Gills/Tracheal Systems/Lungs
DEFINITION 4 Most animals have specialized body parts that promote gas exchange. __________ in fish and amphibians. ___________ in arthropods and __________ in tetrapods that live on land. (amphibians, reptiles including birds, and mammals.) TERM 5
Gillz
DEFINITION 5 ___________ are extensions of the body, increase the surface to volume ratio, and increase the surface area for gas exchange.
Ventilation/Countercurrent
In a fish, gas exchange is enhanced by __________ of the gills (moving water past the gills and _______________ flow of water and blood. TERM 7
higher concentrations of O
DEFINITION 7 Compared to water, using air to breathe has two big advantages: 1) Air contains ____________________ than water.
- Air is lighter and easier to move than water. TERM 8
Reduce
DEFINITION 8 Insect tracheal systems use tiny branching tubes that __________ water loss and pipe air directly to cells. TERM 9
1) Amphibians 2) Nonbird Reptiles 3) Birds
and Mammals
DEFINITION 9 The first tetrapods on land diverged into 3 major lineages: 1) _____________ use small lungs and their body surfaces. 2) _______________ have lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs and 3) _________ and ________ have higher metabolic rates and more complex lungs. TERM 10
Gas Exchange/Regulation of blood pH/Voice
Production/Olfaction/Protection
DEFINITION 10 What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?
Musuc/Cilia
________ and _______ in the respiratory passages sweep contaminant-laden mucus up and out of the airways and can be damaged by smoking. TERM 17
Breathing
DEFINITION 17 ______________ is the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air (ventilation) TERM 18
Expands/Downward/Decreases/"Negative
Pressure Breathing"
DEFINITION 18 In mammals, inhalation occurs when the rib cage __________, the diaphragm moves __________, the pressure around the lungs ___________ and air is drawn into the respiratory tract. This type of ventilation is called "_____________". TERM 19
Contracts/Upward/Increases
DEFINITION 19 Exhalation occurs when the rib cage ___________, the diaphragm moves __________, the pressure around the lungs ________, and air is forced out of the respiratory tract. TERM 20
Dead air
DEFINITION 20 Not all air is expelled during exhalation. Some air still remains in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. This remaining air is __________.
Birds
One-way flow is air in ______ reduces dead air and increases their ability to obtain oxygen. TERM 22
Breathing Control Centers
DEFINITION 22 _________________ in the brain sense and respond to CO levels in the blood. TERM 23
Drop
DEFINITION 23 A __________ in blood pH increases the rate and depth of breathing. TERM 24
Oxygen-Poor/Lungs
DEFINITION 24 The right side of the heart pumps ___________ blood to the _____. TERM 25
Oxygen-Rich/Body
DEFINITION 25 The left side of the heart pumps ____________ blood to the ______.
Mulluscs and Anthropods
Blue, copper -containing pigment is used by _____________ and ____________. TERM 32
Almost all vertebrates and many
invertebrates
DEFINITION 32 Red, iron -containing hemoglobin is used by __________________ and _____________ and transports oxygen, buffers blood, and transports CO2. TERM 33
Saturated Hemoglobin
DEFINITION 33 __________________________ is when all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen. TERM 34
Partially Saturated Hemoglobin
DEFINITION 34 _______________________ is when one to three hemes are bound to oxygen TERM 35
Hemoglobin
DEFINITION 35 The rate at which _____________ binds and released oxygen is regulated by temperature and pH in the blood.
Placenta
In the ____________, capillaries of maternal blood and fetal blood run next to each other. The fetus and mother do not share the same blood. TERM 37
Fetal
DEFINITION 37 __________ hemoglobin attacts O2 more strongly than adult hemoglobin and takes oxygen from maternal blood. TERM 38
Birth
DEFINITION 38 At __________, CO2 in fetal blood increases and breathing control centers initiate breathing. TERM 39
Smoking
DEFINITION 39 ___________ during pregnancy reduces the supply of oxygen to the fetus up to 25%.
