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Anatomy and Function of the Right Side of the Heart and Systemic Circuit, Quizzes of Physiology

An in-depth exploration of the right side of the heart and the systemic circuit in the human circulatory system. It covers the terms and definitions related to the deoxygenated systemic blood, the superior and inferior vena cava, the great vessels, the aorta, the pericardium, the right and left atria and ventricles, and coronary circulation. The document also discusses the importance of the semilunar valves and the consequences of valvular stenosis.

Typology: Quizzes

2013/2014

Uploaded on 02/26/2014

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TERM 1
Cardiovascular System
DEFINITION 1
Consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps
blood through vessels and deliver the blood to all the body's
organs and then return it to the heart. The broader term,
circulatory system includes the blood.
TERM 2
Pulmonary Circuit
DEFINITION 2
Carrier blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to
the heart. The right side of the heart supplies the pulmonary
circuit. It receives blood that has circulated through the body,
unloaded its O2 and nutrients and picked up co2 and other
wastes.
TERM 3
Pulmonary Circuit (II)
DEFINITION 3
It pumps the O2 poor blood into large artery (pulmonary
trunk) which divides it into right/left pumonary arteries.
These transport blood to the air sacs (aveoli) of the lungs,
where CO2 is unloaded and O2 is picked up. The O2rich blood
flows by the way of the pulmonary veins to the left side of the
heart. RIGHT SIDE: CO2 Rich blood, O2 Poor blood
TERM 4
Systemic Circuit (II)
DEFINITION 4
After circulating through the body, th e now deoxygenated
systemic blood returns to the right sid e of the heart through 2
veins: superior vena cava (draining th e upper body) and inferior
vena cava (draining everything below the diaphram). The major
arteries and veins entering and levin g the heart are called great
vessels (great arteries and veins) b.c. of their large diameters.
TERM 5
Sytemic Circuit
DEFINITION 5
Supplied blood to every organ of the b ody, including other parts of
the lungs and the wall of the heart it self. The left side supplied the
systematic circuit. Blood leaves its wa y by the aorta which takes a
sharp inverted U (aortic arch) and pa sses down, posterior to the
heart. It gives off arteries that supply the head, neck , and upper
limbs. Then it travels through the tho racic and adominal cavities
and issues smaller arteries to the oth er organs before branching
into lower limbs. LEFT SIDE: O2 Rich, C O2 Poor blood
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Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps

blood through vessels and deliver the blood to all the body's

organs and then return it to the heart. The broader term,

circulatory system includes the blood.

TERM 2

Pulmonary Circuit

DEFINITION 2

Carrier blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to

the heart. The right side of the heart supplies the pulmonary

circuit. It receives blood that has circulated through the body,

unloaded its O2 and nutrients and picked up co2 and other

wastes.

TERM 3

Pulmonary Circuit (II)

DEFINITION 3

It pumps the O2 poor blood into large artery (pulmonary

trunk) which divides it into right/left pumonary arteries.

These transport blood to the air sacs (aveoli) of the lungs,

where CO2 is unloaded and O2 is picked up. The O2rich blood

flows by the way of the pulmonary veins to the left side of the

heart. RIGHT SIDE: CO2 Rich blood, O2 Poor blood

TERM 4

Systemic Circuit (II)

DEFINITION 4 After circulating through the body, the now deoxygenated systemic blood returns to the right side of the heart through 2 veins: superior vena cava (draining the upper body) and inferior vena cava (draining everything below the diaphram). The major arteries and veins entering and leving the heart are called great vessels (great arteries and veins) b.c. of their large diameters. TERM 5

Sytemic Circuit

DEFINITION 5 Supplied blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself. The left side supplied the systematic circuit. Blood leaves its way by the aorta which takes a sharp inverted U (aortic arch) and passes down, posterior to the heart. It gives off arteries that supply the head, neck , and upper limbs. Then it travels through the thoracic and adominal cavities and issues smaller arteries to the other organs before branching into lower limbs. LEFT SIDE: O2 Rich, CO2 Poor blood

Heart

Located in the throacic cavity in the mediastinum, bt. lungs

and deep to the sternum. Tilted towards the left. The broad

superior portion is the base, which is the point of attatchment

for the great vessels. The inferior end tapers to a blunt point,

the apex, immediately above the diaphram. Size of one's fist.

TERM 7

Pericardium

DEFINITION 7 Double-walled sac in which the heart is enclosed. The outer wall, is the pericardial sac (parietal pericardium) which has a touch superficial fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and a thin deep serous layer. The serous layer turns inward at the base of the heart and forms the visceral pericardium (epicardium) as part of the heart wall. The sac is held by ligaments to the diaphram and firbous c.tissue. The peri isolates the heart from other thoracic organs and allows it room to expand, yet resist excessive expansion. TERM 8

Pericardium (II)

DEFINITION 8 B.t. parietal and visceral membranes is a space called pericardial cavity which containspericardial fluid (by pericardiac sac) inside borth layers to prevent layers from rubbing together and cushioning for heart when it expands. In pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium, the membranes become roughened and produce painful friction rub with each heartbeat. TERM 9

Epicardium

DEFINITION 9

Serous membrane of the external heart surface made up of

simple squamous epithelium overlying a think layer of

areolar tissue. In some places it is thick layer of adipose

tissue while in other areas it is fat-free and translucent.. The

largest branches of the coronary blood vessels travel through

the epicardium.

TERM 10

Endocardium

DEFINITION 10

Lines the anterior of the heart chambers made up of simple

squamous epithelium overlying a thin areolar tissue layer,

but has NO adipose tissue. It also covers the valve surfaces

and is continous w/ the endothelium of the blood vessels.

Sulci

Grooves that mark the boundaries of the 4 chambers. They are largely filled by fat and the coronoary vessels. 1coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus encircles the heart near the base and separates the atria above from the ventricles below. 2Anterior interventricular sulcus dive 2 ventricles and 3Posterior interventricular sulcus overlie the interventricular septum (wall) that divides the r+l ventricles. TERM 17

Interatrial septum & Interventricular

septum

DEFINITION 17 Wall that seperates R+L atria. 2) more muscular, vertical wall b.t. ventricles. The right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs and back to the left atrium, so its wall is moderately muscular. The wall of the left ventricle is 2-4 times as thick b.c. it bears the greatest workloads of all 4 chambers pumping blood trhough the entire body. Both ventricles exhibit internal ridges called trabeculae carnea. TERM 18

Valves

DEFINITION 18

There is a valve bt. each atrium and its ventricle and another

at the exit from each ventricle into its great artery but the

heart has NO valves where the great veins empty into the

atria. Each valve consists of 2 or 3 fibrous flaps of tissue

called cusps or leaflets, covered w/ endocardium.

TERM 19

Valves (II)

DEFINITION 19 Atrioventricular (AV) valves regulate the openings bt. the atria and ventricles. The right AV (tricuspid) valve has 3 cusps and the left AV (bicuspid) has 2. The left AV valve is aka the mitrial valve since it resembles a miter, pope hat. Stringy tendinous cords (chordae tendianea) resemble the shroud lines of a parachute, connect the valve cusps to conical papillary muscles on the floor of the ventricle. They prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out or bulging into the atria when the ventricles contract. TERM 20

Valves (III)

DEFINITION 20 The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into the great arteries. The pulm.valve controls the opneing from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta. Each has 3 cusps. These valves have no tendinous chords. They dont open and close by any muscular effort of their own. The cusps are pushed open&closed by changes in blood pressure that occur as the heart chambers contract and relax.

Coronary Circulation

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the

blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium).

The vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

are known as coronary arteries. The vessels that remove the

deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as

cardiac veins.

TERM 22

Left Coronary Artery (anterior interventricular

branch)

DEFINITION 22 Travels through the coronay sulcus under the left auricle and divides into 2 branches: 1Anterior interventricular branch - travels down the to the apex,and joins the posterior interventricular branch. AKA left anterior descending (LAD) branch. It supplies blood to both ventricles and the anterior 2/3 of the interventricuar septum. AKA widow maker b.c if the artery gets abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will lead to death. TERM 23

Left Coronary Artery (circumflex branch)

DEFINITION 23

2 circumflex branch -cont. around the left side of the heart

in the coronary sulcus. Give oss a left marginal branch that

gives blood to the left ventricle. It provides blood to the left

atrium and posterior wall of the left ventricle.

TERM 24

Right Coronary Artery (right marginal branch)

DEFINITION 24 Supplies the right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) cont. long the coronary sulcus and under the right auricle and gives off two branches: 1Right Marginal Branc - runs toward the apex of the heart and supplies to the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle. It cnt. aruond the right margin of the heart to the posterior side and sends small branch to the atrioventricular node and then gives off a large posterior interv. branch (next slide) TERM 25

Right Coronary Artery (posterior

interventricular branch)

DEFINITION 25

This branch travels down the corresponding sulcus and

supplies the posterior walls of both ventricles as well as the

posterior walls of both ventricles as well as the posterior

portion of the interventricular septum. it ends by joining the

anterior interventricular branch of the LCA.

Cardiac Conduction System (steps 1-3)

1Sinoatrial (SA) Node- patch of the modified cariocytes in the right atrium, under the epicardium near the superior vena cava. This is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate. 2.Signals from the SA onde spread throughout the atria. 3.The atrioventricular (AV) Node is fires. This node acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles. The fibrous skeleton acts s an insulator to prevent currents from getting to the ventricles by any other route. TERM 32

Cardiac Conduction System (steps 4-5)

DEFINITION 32

  1. The AV bundle or bundle of His is the pathway by which signals leave the AV node. The bundle forks into right and left bundle branches which enter the interventricular septum and descend toward the apex. 5)Purkinje fibers are nervelike processes that arise from the lower end of the bundle branches and turn upward to spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. The fibers distribute the electrical excitation to the cardiocytes of the ventricles. TERM 33

Pacemakers

DEFINITION 33

Used for people who have heart problems that cause their

heart to beat too slowly Caused by a slow heartbeat are

sinus node disease and heart block. It's an artificial device for

stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.

TERM 34

Defibrillators

DEFINITION 34

An electrical device that provides a shock to the heart when

there is life-threating arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)

present or stopped. Larger than pacemaker

TERM 35

Systole/Diastole

DEFINITION 35

Contraction of the heart. Relaxation of the heart.

Sinus Rhythm

The normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node. 70-80times

p/min (60-100bpm). Premature vetricular contraction (PVC)

or extrasystole: stimuli like caffeine causes other parts of the

conducion system to fire before the SA node does, setting an

extra heartbeat.

TERM 37

Ectopic Focus

DEFINITION 37

Any region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node. If

SA node is damaged, an ectopic focus will take over. The

most common is the AV node whch provides a nodal rhythm.

If neither AC or SA node work, other ectopic foci fire rates

from 20-40bpm. But the nodal rhythm is too little flow of

blood to brain, which calls for an artificial pacemaker.

TERM 38

Arrhythmia

DEFINITION 38

Abnormal cardiac rhythm, Ine cause of this is a heart block-

the failure of any part of the cardiac conduction system to

transmit signals, usually as a result of disease and

degeneration of conduction system fibers. Damaged to the

AV node causes total heart block causing the ventricles to

beat at their own rhythm.

TERM 39

Pacemaker Physiology

DEFINITION 39

The SA node fires spontaneously at regular intervals. It

doesn't have a stable resting membrane potential. It starts at

about -60mV and dirfts upward showing a gradual

depolarization called the pacemaker potential. This results

from a slow inflow of Na+ w/o compensating outflow of K+.

TERM 40

P.P. (2)

DEFINITION 40 When the pacemaker potential reaches a threshold of -40mV, voltage fates calcium channels open and Ca+ flows in from the extracellular fluid. This produces the rising (depolarizing) phase of the action potential (slightly 0mV).At this point, K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell. This makes the cystol increasignly negative and creates the falling (repolarization) phase of the action potential.

Cardiac Cycle

consists of one complete contraction and relaxation of all

four chambers of the heart.

TERM 47

Fluid is governed by 1Pressure, 2Resistance

DEFINITION 47

1.Impels a fluid to move 2.Opposes flow.

TERM 48

Pressure

DEFINITION 48

Measured by a manometer. Expressed in mm Hg. Blood

pressure is measured with a ashygmomanometer

TERM 49

Pressure Gradients

DEFINITION 49

Different between more pressure at one point than another.

Fluids always flow down their pressure gradients, from the

high pressure point to the low pressure point. PRESSURE IS

INVERSELY PROPRTIONAL TO VOLUME. In heart, it is between

atria and ventricles

TERM 50

Pressure Gradients and Flow

DEFINITION 50 Pulling the syringe will increase volume, decrease pressure and pressure inside syrringe is lower than outside, the pressure gradient caues air to flow inward until te pressures are equal (filling of an expanding heart chamber). Pusing the syringe will decreased volume, increase pressure, air flows out until the pressures are equal (ejection of blood from a contracting heart chamber) In both cases, fluids flow down their pressure gradients.

Valves and pressure

They are just soft flaps of connective tissue with no muscle.

THey dont exert any effort of their own but are opened and

closed by the changes in blood pressure on the upstream and

downstream sides of the valves. Look at pg 736 picture (or

on PP)

TERM 52

Valvular Stenosis

DEFINITION 52

Valves aren't working properly

TERM 53

Cardiac Cycle Phase 1

DEFINITION 53

Ventricular filling:

TERM 54

Cardiac Cycle Phase 2

DEFINITION 54 Iso(same)volumetric contraction: Atria repolarize, relax and remain in diastole of rest of cardiac cycle. Ventricles depolarize, generate QRS complex, and begin to contract. Pressue in the ventricles rises and reverses the pressure gradient bt. atria and ventricles. The AV vavles close up. Even tho the ventricles contract, they don't eject blood yet and there is no change in volume. Ths is bc. pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk are gerater than pressures in the respective ventricles and they opposed the opening of the semilunar valves. The cardiocytes exert force, but with all 4 valves closed, the blood cannot go anywhere. TERM 55

Cardiac Cycle Phase 3

DEFINITION 55

Ventricular Ejection: Ejection of blood begins when

ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and forces the

semilunar valves open. Rapid ejection-blood spurts out of

each ventricle and then flows out more slowly under slower

pressure (reduced ejection). T wave occurs late here.

Stroke Volume

Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with

each beat. 3 variables govern it. PRELOAD, CONTRACTTILITY,

AFTERLOAD. Increased preload or contractility increases

stroke volume, whereas increased afterload opposes the

emptying of the ventricles and reduces stroke volume.

TERM 62

Preload

DEFINITION 62

The amount of tension in the ventricular muocardium

immediately before it begins to contract. SV is proportional

to the end diastolic volume (EDV).

TERM 63

Contractility

DEFINITION 63

Refers to how hard the myocardium contracts for a given

preload. It describes the increase caused by factors that

make the cardiocytes more responsive to stimulation.

TERM 64

Afterload

DEFINITION 64

Sum of all the forces that the ventricles have to overcome to

pump blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk. (def-sum of all

the forces a ventricle must overcome before it can eject

blood)

TERM 65

Cardiac Tamponade

DEFINITION 65

Compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of

fluid or clotted blood in the pericadial cavity, intefering with

ventricular filling and potentially leading to heart failure.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium. Often uknown cause, but

usually from infection.

TERM 67

Ventricular Septal Defects

DEFINITION 67

One or more holes in the wall (interventricular septum) that

seperates the right and left ventricles of the heart. Can be

congenital (present from birth)

TERM 68

Atrial Septal Defects

DEFINITION 68 Same but in the atria. Normally there is an opening bt. the upper chambers of the heart (Atria) to allow blood to flow aroun the lungs, this opening usually closes around the time when the baby born. If the opening does not close, the hole is called this. ASD.If the blood continues to flow between the 2 heart chambers, its called a shunt. Over time, there will be less oxygen in the blood that goes into the body.