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An in-depth exploration of the right side of the heart and the systemic circuit in the human circulatory system. It covers the terms and definitions related to the deoxygenated systemic blood, the superior and inferior vena cava, the great vessels, the aorta, the pericardium, the right and left atria and ventricles, and coronary circulation. The document also discusses the importance of the semilunar valves and the consequences of valvular stenosis.
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TERM 2
DEFINITION 2
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TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 After circulating through the body, the now deoxygenated systemic blood returns to the right side of the heart through 2 veins: superior vena cava (draining the upper body) and inferior vena cava (draining everything below the diaphram). The major arteries and veins entering and leving the heart are called great vessels (great arteries and veins) b.c. of their large diameters. TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 Supplied blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself. The left side supplied the systematic circuit. Blood leaves its way by the aorta which takes a sharp inverted U (aortic arch) and passes down, posterior to the heart. It gives off arteries that supply the head, neck , and upper limbs. Then it travels through the thoracic and adominal cavities and issues smaller arteries to the other organs before branching into lower limbs. LEFT SIDE: O2 Rich, CO2 Poor blood
TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 Double-walled sac in which the heart is enclosed. The outer wall, is the pericardial sac (parietal pericardium) which has a touch superficial fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and a thin deep serous layer. The serous layer turns inward at the base of the heart and forms the visceral pericardium (epicardium) as part of the heart wall. The sac is held by ligaments to the diaphram and firbous c.tissue. The peri isolates the heart from other thoracic organs and allows it room to expand, yet resist excessive expansion. TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 B.t. parietal and visceral membranes is a space called pericardial cavity which containspericardial fluid (by pericardiac sac) inside borth layers to prevent layers from rubbing together and cushioning for heart when it expands. In pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium, the membranes become roughened and produce painful friction rub with each heartbeat. TERM 9
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TERM 10
DEFINITION 10
Grooves that mark the boundaries of the 4 chambers. They are largely filled by fat and the coronoary vessels. 1coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus encircles the heart near the base and separates the atria above from the ventricles below. 2Anterior interventricular sulcus dive 2 ventricles and 3Posterior interventricular sulcus overlie the interventricular septum (wall) that divides the r+l ventricles. TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 Wall that seperates R+L atria. 2) more muscular, vertical wall b.t. ventricles. The right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs and back to the left atrium, so its wall is moderately muscular. The wall of the left ventricle is 2-4 times as thick b.c. it bears the greatest workloads of all 4 chambers pumping blood trhough the entire body. Both ventricles exhibit internal ridges called trabeculae carnea. TERM 18
DEFINITION 18
TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 Atrioventricular (AV) valves regulate the openings bt. the atria and ventricles. The right AV (tricuspid) valve has 3 cusps and the left AV (bicuspid) has 2. The left AV valve is aka the mitrial valve since it resembles a miter, pope hat. Stringy tendinous cords (chordae tendianea) resemble the shroud lines of a parachute, connect the valve cusps to conical papillary muscles on the floor of the ventricle. They prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out or bulging into the atria when the ventricles contract. TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into the great arteries. The pulm.valve controls the opneing from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta. Each has 3 cusps. These valves have no tendinous chords. They dont open and close by any muscular effort of their own. The cusps are pushed open&closed by changes in blood pressure that occur as the heart chambers contract and relax.
TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 Travels through the coronay sulcus under the left auricle and divides into 2 branches: 1Anterior interventricular branch - travels down the to the apex,and joins the posterior interventricular branch. AKA left anterior descending (LAD) branch. It supplies blood to both ventricles and the anterior 2/3 of the interventricuar septum. AKA widow maker b.c if the artery gets abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will lead to death. TERM 23
DEFINITION 23
TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 Supplies the right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) cont. long the coronary sulcus and under the right auricle and gives off two branches: 1Right Marginal Branc - runs toward the apex of the heart and supplies to the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle. It cnt. aruond the right margin of the heart to the posterior side and sends small branch to the atrioventricular node and then gives off a large posterior interv. branch (next slide) TERM 25
DEFINITION 25
1Sinoatrial (SA) Node- patch of the modified cariocytes in the right atrium, under the epicardium near the superior vena cava. This is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate. 2.Signals from the SA onde spread throughout the atria. 3.The atrioventricular (AV) Node is fires. This node acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles. The fibrous skeleton acts s an insulator to prevent currents from getting to the ventricles by any other route. TERM 32
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TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 When the pacemaker potential reaches a threshold of -40mV, voltage fates calcium channels open and Ca+ flows in from the extracellular fluid. This produces the rising (depolarizing) phase of the action potential (slightly 0mV).At this point, K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell. This makes the cystol increasignly negative and creates the falling (repolarization) phase of the action potential.
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TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 Pulling the syringe will increase volume, decrease pressure and pressure inside syrringe is lower than outside, the pressure gradient caues air to flow inward until te pressures are equal (filling of an expanding heart chamber). Pusing the syringe will decreased volume, increase pressure, air flows out until the pressures are equal (ejection of blood from a contracting heart chamber) In both cases, fluids flow down their pressure gradients.
TERM 52
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TERM 53
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TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 Iso(same)volumetric contraction: Atria repolarize, relax and remain in diastole of rest of cardiac cycle. Ventricles depolarize, generate QRS complex, and begin to contract. Pressue in the ventricles rises and reverses the pressure gradient bt. atria and ventricles. The AV vavles close up. Even tho the ventricles contract, they don't eject blood yet and there is no change in volume. Ths is bc. pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk are gerater than pressures in the respective ventricles and they opposed the opening of the semilunar valves. The cardiocytes exert force, but with all 4 valves closed, the blood cannot go anywhere. TERM 55
DEFINITION 55
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TERM 67
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TERM 68
DEFINITION 68 Same but in the atria. Normally there is an opening bt. the upper chambers of the heart (Atria) to allow blood to flow aroun the lungs, this opening usually closes around the time when the baby born. If the opening does not close, the hole is called this. ASD.If the blood continues to flow between the 2 heart chambers, its called a shunt. Over time, there will be less oxygen in the blood that goes into the body.