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Class: BIOL - Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Wisconsin Lutheran College; Term: Forever 1989;
Typology: Quizzes
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TERM 2
DEFINITION 2
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DEFINITION 3
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DEFINITION 4
TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 P: aka extracellular matrix, which is a clear light yellow fluid making up a little more than half of blood volume.Suspended in plasma are F.E. (membrane enclosed bodies with a denitie structure visible w/ microscope) which are cells and cell gragemtns including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.-7 kinds: erythrocytes, platelets, and 5 leukocytes
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DEFINITION 7
TERM 8
DEFINITION 8
1. Albumin, smalles and most abundant. It trasnports various soutes and buffers the pH of plasma. Can affect viscosity and osmolarity 2. Globulins , 3 classes: alpha, beta, gamma. Play role in solute transport, clotting and immunity. 3. Firbonogen , soluble precurosor in fibrin, a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot. ALL PRODUCED BY LIVER (EXCEPT GAMMA- COMES FROM WBCs) TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 Severe dietary protein deficiences. The arms and legs are small due to lack of muscle, the skin is shiny and tight w. edema, and abdomen is swollen by ascites. Symptoms appear when a child is weaned and placed on a diet consiting only of rice or other cereal. Die of diarrhea or dehydration. Swelling due to accumulation of fluid, and usually have dehydration b.c. of fluid floating elsewhere. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 V: the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles. (so the thic and thiness of a fluid) O: the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall. (concentration of a solution) The rate of reabsoprtion is governed by this. If osmo is too high, the bloodstream absorbs too much water causing HBP, if its too low, too much water remains in tissues causing edema (swollen) and LBP bc. of water lost from bloodstream.
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DEFINITION 23 As RBCs age its membrane proteins detiriorate and the membrane becomes fragile. W/O nucelus or ribosomes, RBC cannot synthesize so the die in the SPLEEN. It has a narrow passageways that test the RBCs. If they don't pass through, they are broken down and deposited. An enlarged/tender spleen may indicate diseases in which RBCs are rapidly being broken down. TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 The rupture of RBCs. It releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes. The membrane fragments are easily disgested by macrophages in the liver and spleen. But hemoglobin disposal is very specific. Macrophages being the disposal by separating the heme from the globin. THey hydrolyze the globin into free amino acids which can be used for energy releasing catabolism or recycled for protein synthesis. TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 Heme disposing: Macrophages remove the iron and release it into the blood where it combines w/ transferrin and is used or stored in the same way as iron. The macrop. converts the rest of the heme into BILIVERDIN, then further converts most of this to BILIRUBIN-it is released by the machrop. & binds to albumin then removed by the liver and secreted in bile. The bile is then stored and concentrated in gallbladder.
TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 When the body detects an antigen foreign to it, the response consists partly of plasma cells, secreting proteins (gamma globulins) called antibodies. THey bind to andtigens and mark them for destruction callED AGGLUTINATION, in which each antibody molecule binds 2 or more antigen molecules and sticks them together. Repetition of this produces antigen-antibody complexes that immobilize the antigens until certain immune cells can break them down. AKA agglutinins in blood plasma TERM 33
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Rh(-) mother carriers an Rh(+) fetus. The 1st pregnancy is is uneventful b.c. placenta is barrier, but if there is miscarriage or blood mixing then she begins to produce anti-D antibodies. If she is pregant w/ another Rh(+) baby, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes. Agglutinated RBCs hemolyze and the baby is bron with a severe anemia called Hemolytic Disease of the newborn (HDN) or name on card! TERM 37
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TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 Most abundant WBCs. 3-5 lobrd connected by slender nuclear strands (may look like they have multiple nuclei). aka band/stab cells b.c. young neturophils have undivided band-shaped nucleus. aka polymophonuclear b.c. of their varied nuclear shape. Cytoplasm has reddish-violet specific granules. During neutrophilia, the neutrophil count rises in response to bacterial infections. Primary task: destroy bacteria
Cancer of the hemopoietic tissues that usually produces a super high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors. Can be classified as myeloid, lymphoid. Acute apperas fast and causes death suddenly if not treated, chronic dev more slowly and can go undefected. WBCs are overpopulated, extremely large, others small. causing RBC deficiency to have patient be anemic or fatigued, hemorraging or infection. TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 Not cells but small fragment of marrow cells called megakaryocytes. No nucleus. Mulitple functions: 1Vasoconstrictors: help reduce blood loss 2platelet plugs:seal small breaks in injured blood vessesl 3procoagulants: clotting factors which promote blood clotting 4clot-dissolving enzymes:dissolve blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness 5Attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation 6Destroy bacteria 7Growth factors:stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle, helping to maintain and repair blood vessels TERM 48
DEFINITION 48
TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 A promt constriction og the broken vessel. An injury stimulates nocireceptors (pain receptors) causing constrction. If there is injury to the smooth muscle, there is longer vasoconstriction and platelets release reotonin (chemical vasoconstrictor) causing constriction. Either way, the spasm lasts enough for the 2 hemostatic mechanisms to come into play. TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 Platelets grow psuedopods and adhere to exposed collagen fibers of the vessel wall. This may reduce or stop minor bleeding. As platelets aggregrate they undergo degranulation (its granules are released as well as factors that promote hemostasis inlcuding seortoning and ADP) A positive feeback cyle is activted that can quickly seal a small break in a blood vessel.
TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 1Initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues. The factors come from sources other than blood.Since it takes shorted steps in extrensic mechanism to form a clot, when a small wound bleeds, you can stop the bleeding sooner by massaging the site. This releases thromboplastin from the perivascular tissues and activates or speeds up the extrinsic pathway. TERM 53
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TERM 55
DEFINITION 55
Blood does not clot properly, or not at all. Sex linked recessive, predominantly in males. Queen Victoria diesease. Lack of factor 8 causes classical hemophilia. Hemophilia B is a lack of factor 9. Factors 8 and 9 are known as antihemohilic factors a and b. Hem C is rare, autosomal and not sex linked. Hematomas can cause pain esp in joints and muscles. TERM 62
DEFINITION 62 The abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. A thrombus (clot) may grow large enough to obstruct a small vessel, or a piece of it may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as an embolus which may lodge in a small artery and block blood flow. If that vessel supplies vital tissues of the heart, brain, lung, or kidney, infaction (tissue death) may result. This is called thromboembolism (traveling blood clots) in the cerebral, coronay, and pulmonary arteries. TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 Extract from tonka beans, sweet clover, plants, and if taken orally will Prevents clots from forming (anticoagulant) b.c. it blocks the production of Vit K. Other names: Warfarin (pharmacy prepared) or Coumadin, which was originally a persticide-makes rats bleed to death. Drs. can prescribe a small amount of dose to those who form blood clots unnecessarily. Developed in UW Madison. TERM 64
DEFINITION 64