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Circulatory System vs. Cardiovascular System
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood. 2. Consists of
heart and vessels.Circulatory system: transports substances
from place to place in the body. Blood is the material in
which the materials travel. Vessels ensure proper routing to
destinations and heart is the pump that keeps blood flowing.
TERM 2
3 Functions of circulatory system (1 of 3)
DEFINITION 2
1. transport: Hormones (from endocrine) are transported to
target organs, carries O2 as well as CO2, nutrients from
digestive tract to tissues, metabolic wastes to kidneys, stem
ells from bone marrow to other origins to tissues where they
lodge and mature
TERM 3
(2 of 3)
DEFINITION 3
2. Protection :Blood plays role in inflammation, WBC destory
microorganisms and cancer cells, antibodies neutralize toxins
and destroy pathogens, plateles secrete factors that initiate
blood clotting to recude blood loss.
TERM 4
(3 of 3)
DEFINITION 4
3. Regulation: Blood capillaries help stabilize fluid
distribution, maintaining good pH balance, regulate body
temperature by routing blood to the skin for heat loss or
retaining it deeper in the body to conserve heat.
TERM 5
Plasma, formed elements
DEFINITION 5 P: aka extracellular matrix, which is a clear light yellow fluid making up a little more than half of blood volume.Suspended in plasma are F.E. (membrane enclosed bodies with a denitie structure visible w/ microscope) which are cells and cell gragemtns including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.-7 kinds: erythrocytes, platelets, and 5 leukocytes
Erythrocytes settel to the bottom since they are the
densest. 55% WBCs and platelets settle nto the "buffy coat"
in the middle <1% and on top is plasma. 45%-Hematocrit is
the % of the volume composed or erythrocytes (55%)
TERM 7
Plasma
DEFINITION 7
Mixture of water, proteins (3), nutrients, electrocytes,
nitrogenous waste, hormones, gases.
TERM 8
Proteins in side plasma
DEFINITION 8
1. Albumin, smalles and most abundant. It trasnports various soutes and buffers the pH of plasma. Can affect viscosity and osmolarity 2. Globulins , 3 classes: alpha, beta, gamma. Play role in solute transport, clotting and immunity. 3. Firbonogen , soluble precurosor in fibrin, a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot. ALL PRODUCED BY LIVER (EXCEPT GAMMA- COMES FROM WBCs) TERM 9
Kwashiorkor
DEFINITION 9 Severe dietary protein deficiences. The arms and legs are small due to lack of muscle, the skin is shiny and tight w. edema, and abdomen is swollen by ascites. Symptoms appear when a child is weaned and placed on a diet consiting only of rice or other cereal. Die of diarrhea or dehydration. Swelling due to accumulation of fluid, and usually have dehydration b.c. of fluid floating elsewhere. TERM 10
Viscosity and Osmolarity
DEFINITION 10 V: the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles. (so the thic and thiness of a fluid) O: the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall. (concentration of a solution) The rate of reabsoprtion is governed by this. If osmo is too high, the bloodstream absorbs too much water causing HBP, if its too low, too much water remains in tissues causing edema (swollen) and LBP bc. of water lost from bloodstream.
RBC Life Cycle
Erythropoiesis: Erythrocyte production. 3-5days long. 120 life
span.4 major developments: reduction in cell size, an
increase in cell number, the synthesis of hemoglobin, and the
loss of the nucleus and other organelles.
TERM 17
Erythropoiesis
DEFINITION 17
1.hemopoetic stem cell becomes an erythrocyte CFU (ECFU)
which has receptors for the hormone EPO (erythropoietin)2.
EPO stimulates the ECFU to transform into an erythroblast
(normoblast).3. Erythroblasts X and synthesize hemoglobin.
The nucleus shrivels and is discharged from the cell. The cell
is now called a reticulocyte.
TERM 18
Erythropoiesis cnt.
DEFINITION 18
4. Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the
circulating blood. In 1-2 days, the last of the polyribosomes
disintegrate and disappear, and the cell is a marture
erythrocyte.(sometimes the circulating RBCs are only
reticulocyte.-Spleen breaks down dead RBCs, some
components may be recycled.
TERM 19
Iron
DEFINITION 19
Important in one's diet for RBCs. Pregnant women need 2x
intake. Stomach acid converts most Fe3+ (Ferric) to Fe2+
(Ferrous) which is the only form that can be absorbed by the
small intestine.
TERM 20
Iron
Metabolism
DEFINITION 20
1. Mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested. 2. Stomach acid
converts Fe3+ to Fe2+ 3. Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
(protein produced by small intestine) 4. Gastroferritin
transports Fe2+ to small intestine and releases it for
absorption
Iron Metabolism
cntd.
5 .Its absorbed into blood and bind to plasma protein:
transferring 6. In livers, some transferrin releases Fe2+ for
storage 7. Fe2+ binds to apoferriting (protein) forming aan
iron-storage complex called ferritin 8. Remaining transferrin
is distributed to other organs where Fe2+ is used to make
hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc.
TERM 22
Erythrocyte Homeostasis
DEFINITION 22
RBC is in classic negative feedback. If its count drops, it goes
into hypoxemia state (O2 deficiency in blood). The kidneys
increase the EPO output and then the RBC count begins to
rise (more hemoglobin) and reverses the hypoxemia.
TERM 23
Erythrocyte Death &
Disposal
DEFINITION 23 As RBCs age its membrane proteins detiriorate and the membrane becomes fragile. W/O nucelus or ribosomes, RBC cannot synthesize so the die in the SPLEEN. It has a narrow passageways that test the RBCs. If they don't pass through, they are broken down and deposited. An enlarged/tender spleen may indicate diseases in which RBCs are rapidly being broken down. TERM 24
Hemolysis
DEFINITION 24 The rupture of RBCs. It releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes. The membrane fragments are easily disgested by macrophages in the liver and spleen. But hemoglobin disposal is very specific. Macrophages being the disposal by separating the heme from the globin. THey hydrolyze the globin into free amino acids which can be used for energy releasing catabolism or recycled for protein synthesis. TERM 25
Hemolysis CNTD.
DEFINITION 25 Heme disposing: Macrophages remove the iron and release it into the blood where it combines w/ transferrin and is used or stored in the same way as iron. The macrop. converts the rest of the heme into BILIVERDIN, then further converts most of this to BILIRUBIN-it is released by the machrop. & binds to albumin then removed by the liver and secreted in bile. The bile is then stored and concentrated in gallbladder.
Antigens of blood
Complex molecules that are genetically unique to each
individual (except for twins) They're outside the cell and
enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign
matter. When the body detects an antigen foreign to it, it
activates an immune response. AKA agglutinogens on
surface of RBCs and antibodies
TERM 32
Antibodies
DEFINITION 32 When the body detects an antigen foreign to it, the response consists partly of plasma cells, secreting proteins (gamma globulins) called antibodies. THey bind to andtigens and mark them for destruction callED AGGLUTINATION, in which each antibody molecule binds 2 or more antigen molecules and sticks them together. Repetition of this produces antigen-antibody complexes that immobilize the antigens until certain immune cells can break them down. AKA agglutinins in blood plasma TERM 33
A,B,AB,O
DEFINITION 33
A: Agglutinogen "A" and Agglutinin "B"B: Agglutinogen "B"
and Agglutinin "A"AB: Agglutinogen "A&B" and Agglutinin
"NONE"-Universal acceptorO: Agglutinogen "NONE" and
Agglutinin "AB"-Universal donor but not universal acceptor,
only receive O blood* If it agglutinates, that's the
corresponding blood type.
TERM 34
Transfusion Reaction
DEFINITION 34
A mismatch of blood transfusion causes the agglutinated
RBCs to block small blood vessels, hemolyze, and release
their hemoglobin. Free hemog. can blcok the kidney tubules
and cause death from renal failure.
TERM 35
Rh Blood group
DEFINITION 35
-Present Antigen D: Rh+ (can receive + OR - )-Absent
Antigen D: Rh- (can receive only - )
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Rh(-) mother carriers an Rh(+) fetus. The 1st pregnancy is is uneventful b.c. placenta is barrier, but if there is miscarriage or blood mixing then she begins to produce anti-D antibodies. If she is pregant w/ another Rh(+) baby, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes. Agglutinated RBCs hemolyze and the baby is bron with a severe anemia called Hemolytic Disease of the newborn (HDN) or name on card! TERM 37
Erythroblastosis Fetalis prevention
DEFINITION 37
If the second baby is again Rh(+) and she is (-) she can be
given an Rh immune globulin (RHOGAM) which will bindfetal
RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system
to produce anti-D.
TERM 38
Leukocytes
DEFINITION 38
WBCs. Least abundant formed elements. They retain
organelles throughout life. There are 5 classes. THey each
contain nucleus, rough ER, ribosomes, and Golgi complex
TERM 39
Granulocytes/Agranulocytes
DEFINITION 39
All 5 have lysosomes called nonspecific granules in the
cytoplasm b.c. they absorb the blue/violet dyes of blood
stains. 3/5 (Neutrophils, Eosinphils, Basophils) are
granulocytes b.c. they also have various types of specific
granules that stain good and are distinguishable from each
other.
TERM 40
Neutrophils (granulo)
DEFINITION 40 Most abundant WBCs. 3-5 lobrd connected by slender nuclear strands (may look like they have multiple nuclei). aka band/stab cells b.c. young neturophils have undivided band-shaped nucleus. aka polymophonuclear b.c. of their varied nuclear shape. Cytoplasm has reddish-violet specific granules. During neutrophilia, the neutrophil count rises in response to bacterial infections. Primary task: destroy bacteria
Leukemia
Cancer of the hemopoietic tissues that usually produces a super high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors. Can be classified as myeloid, lymphoid. Acute apperas fast and causes death suddenly if not treated, chronic dev more slowly and can go undefected. WBCs are overpopulated, extremely large, others small. causing RBC deficiency to have patient be anemic or fatigued, hemorraging or infection. TERM 47
Platelets
DEFINITION 47 Not cells but small fragment of marrow cells called megakaryocytes. No nucleus. Mulitple functions: 1Vasoconstrictors: help reduce blood loss 2platelet plugs:seal small breaks in injured blood vessesl 3procoagulants: clotting factors which promote blood clotting 4clot-dissolving enzymes:dissolve blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness 5Attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation 6Destroy bacteria 7Growth factors:stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle, helping to maintain and repair blood vessels TERM 48
Hemostasis
DEFINITION 48
The cessation of bleeding. Effective in stoping hemorrhage in
small blood vessels, not big ones. Three steps: 1Vascular
Spasms 2Platelet Plug Formation 3Coagulation. All described
in seperate cards
TERM 49
Vascular Spasm
DEFINITION 49 A promt constriction og the broken vessel. An injury stimulates nocireceptors (pain receptors) causing constrction. If there is injury to the smooth muscle, there is longer vasoconstriction and platelets release reotonin (chemical vasoconstrictor) causing constriction. Either way, the spasm lasts enough for the 2 hemostatic mechanisms to come into play. TERM 50
Platelet Plug Formation
DEFINITION 50 Platelets grow psuedopods and adhere to exposed collagen fibers of the vessel wall. This may reduce or stop minor bleeding. As platelets aggregrate they undergo degranulation (its granules are released as well as factors that promote hemostasis inlcuding seortoning and ADP) A positive feeback cyle is activted that can quickly seal a small break in a blood vessel.
Coagulation 1
(Fibrin)
aka Clotting. Has two goals: 1-Convert the plasma protein
fibrinogen into fibrin (sticky protein that adheres to the walls
of a vessel. Platelets, blood cells stick here to seal broken
blood vessel).
TERM 52
Coagulation 2 Extrinsic Reaction Pathway
DEFINITION 52 1Initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues. The factors come from sources other than blood.Since it takes shorted steps in extrensic mechanism to form a clot, when a small wound bleeds, you can stop the bleeding sooner by massaging the site. This releases thromboplastin from the perivascular tissues and activates or speeds up the extrinsic pathway. TERM 53
Coagulation 2 Intrinsic Reaction Pathway
DEFINITION 53
2When blood clots w/o the tissue factos. It uses only clotting
factors found in the blood itself. In most cases of bleeding,
both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms work together to
contribute to hemostasis.
TERM 54
Procoagulants
DEFINITION 54
Proteins produced in the liver. Always present in plasma in
inactive form, but when one factor is activated, it dunctions
as an enzyme that activates the next one in the pathway.
The factor activates the next, and so on in a sequence called
the reaction cascade.
TERM 55
Reaction Cascade
DEFINITION 55
A series of reactions, each of which depends on the produc of
the preceding one. There is no Factor 4 b.c. once they
discovered it, it was calcium. There is no 6 b.c. it is acticated
Hemophilia
Blood does not clot properly, or not at all. Sex linked recessive, predominantly in males. Queen Victoria diesease. Lack of factor 8 causes classical hemophilia. Hemophilia B is a lack of factor 9. Factors 8 and 9 are known as antihemohilic factors a and b. Hem C is rare, autosomal and not sex linked. Hematomas can cause pain esp in joints and muscles. TERM 62
Thrombosis
DEFINITION 62 The abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. A thrombus (clot) may grow large enough to obstruct a small vessel, or a piece of it may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as an embolus which may lodge in a small artery and block blood flow. If that vessel supplies vital tissues of the heart, brain, lung, or kidney, infaction (tissue death) may result. This is called thromboembolism (traveling blood clots) in the cerebral, coronay, and pulmonary arteries. TERM 63
Coumarin
DEFINITION 63 Extract from tonka beans, sweet clover, plants, and if taken orally will Prevents clots from forming (anticoagulant) b.c. it blocks the production of Vit K. Other names: Warfarin (pharmacy prepared) or Coumadin, which was originally a persticide-makes rats bleed to death. Drs. can prescribe a small amount of dose to those who form blood clots unnecessarily. Developed in UW Madison. TERM 64
Fact
DEFINITION 64
You cannot say Arteries carry oxygenated blood to heart and
Veins carry unoxiginated blood to heart
