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Signal tansduction
Conversion of signals that carry information from one form to anothe. rBegins when the receptor protein on a target cell receives an incoming extracellular signal and converts it the intracellular signals that alter cell behavior TERM 2
Signaling cell
DEFINITION 2 Produces the molecule for signaling the other cell TERM 3
Signal molecule
DEFINITION 3 A chemical involved in transmitting information between cells. TERM 4
Target cell
DEFINITION 4 Responds to signaling cell; possesses receptor proteins TERM 5
What are the four types of cell signaling?
DEFINITION 5
- Endocrine (hormones) 2. Direct contact between cells 3. Paracrine (Autocrine) 4. Neuronal
Endocrine Cell Signaling
Single molecules broadcasted throughout the whole body by being secreted into the bloodstream (in animal) or sap (in plants) TERM 7
Hormones
DEFINITION 7 a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. TERM 8
Paracrine Signaling
DEFINITION 8 a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is near the signal-releasing cell. TERM 9
Autocrine Signaling
DEFINITION 9 a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cell. TERM 10
Neutronal Signaling
DEFINITION 10 nerve cells (neurons) deliver messages over long distances quickly and specifically to individual target cells through use of axons that terminate at synapses on target cells. neurons send electrical impulses through its axon at up to 100m/sec that are converted into chemical form upon reaching the terminal of the axon
Steroid hormones
class of signal molecules that rely on intracellular receptor proteins;e.g. cortisol, estadiol, and testosterone TERM 17
Thyroid hormones
DEFINITION 17 class of signal molecules that rely on intracellular receptor proteins; e.g. thyroxine TERM 18
Nuclear receptors
DEFINITION 18 found in cytosol or nucleus a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules and act as transcription regulators in nucleus TERM 19
What are the two classes of extracellular
signal molecules?
DEFINITION 19
- Large: consists of molecules that are too large or too hydrophilic to cross the plasma membrane of the target cell.
- Small: consists of molecules that are small enough or hydrophobic enough to slip easily across the plasma membrane. TERM 20
Type of receptor used by large extracellular
signal molecules? Why?
DEFINITION 20 receptors on the surface of the target cell because too big or too hydrophilic to cross plasma membrane
Type of receptor used by small extracellular
signal molecules? Why?
intracellular ezymes or intracellular receptor proteins that regulate gene expression because they are small and hydrophobic enough to slip across the plasma membrane TERM 22
effector
DEFINITION 22 any regulatory molecule within a cell's membrane such as proteins.
