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Class: BIOL - Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Wisconsin Lutheran College; Term: Forever 1989;
Typology: Quizzes
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DEFINITION 4 -Tells which nerve fibers are issuing signals to the brain.-stimuli sensed within an area innervated by a specific nerve is called its receptive field-EX: A neuron with a large receptive field, such as in the skin of the back when touched in 2 close togethere places within this receptive field, the brain senses it as only one point of conact. But in places such as the fingers, there are neurons with small receptive fields which can stimulate 2 diff neurons...detect two close together points TERM 5
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Refers to whether a sound is lous or soft, a light is bright or di, a pain is mild or excruciating...ect.It is encoded in 3 ways:1.As stimulus intensity increases, firing frequencies increase2.Intense stimuli recruit a larger number of nerver fibers to fire3.Weak stimuli activate only the most sensitive nerve fibers whereas strong stimuli can activate a less sensitive group of fibers with higher thresholds...thus the brain can distinguish intensities based on which fibers are sending it signals, how many fibers and how fast TERM 7
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Our sense of whether a sound is high or low. It is determine by the frequency at which the sound source, eardrum, and other parts of the ear vibrate. One movement of a vibrating object back and forth is a CYCLE, and the # of cycles per sec is called frequency (aka Hertz). The INFRASONIC frequencies are not detected by the ear but we sense them through vibrations. ULTRASONIC are the inaudible vibrations that are high. The most sensitive ears can hear from 20-20,000Hz. TERM 32
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DEFINITION 33 A funnel for conducting airborne vibrations to the tympanic membrane (eardrum).-Begins with the auricle (pinna) shaped by cartilage.-Audiroty canal: passing leading through the temporal bone o the tympanic membrane, beginning at the external acoustic meatus. It is lined w/ skin and then by temporal bone. It contains guard hairs. The canal has ceruminous and sebaceous glands whose secretions mix with dead skin cells to form cerumen (earwax). TERM 34
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DEFINITION 35 Located in tympanic cavity of temporal bone. Contains tympanic membrane (eardrum)-It is innervated by sensory branches of the vagus and trigeminal nerves and is sensitive to pain.-Auditory (eustachian/pharyngotympanic) TUBE: passageway to the nasopharynx. It equalizes pressure between middle ear & the outside, yawning helps open it up and vibrate freely. This tube sadly allows throat infections to spread to the middle ear.
Small bones that connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.1. Malleus: Has an elongated hadle attatched to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane, it has a short process which articulates with the 2.Incus: Triangular body that articulates with malleus, long limb that articulates w/ stapes and short limb. 3.Stapes: shaped like stirrup, its head articulates w/ incus. The base is held by OVAL WINDOW-Where inner ear begins. TERM 37
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DEFINITION 38 Housed in Bony labyrinth: temporal bone passageway. which is lined by fleshy tubes called membranous labyrinth. BT the bone and membranous labyrinth is a cushion of fluid, the PERYLIMPH. Within membranous laby is endolymph: fluid supporting and cover certain hair cells and send signals to brain to give you sense of hearing. Forming a tube within a tube structure TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 Vestibule: Chamber where labyrinth begins, .-Cochlea: organ of hearing, a coiled tube that arised from the anterior side of the vestibule. It has 3 fluid filled chambers seperated by membranes. VESTIBULI: SUperioir chamber and inferioir is SCALA TYMPANI. These are filled w/ perilymph and com w/ each other through narrow channel. The middle chamber is the CHOCLEAR DUCT (scala media) seperated by vestibular membrane. Its filled with endolymph and seperates endo from peri and helps mantain chemical diff bt them TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 Spiral organ/organ of corti: within cochlear duct- a thick epithelium of sensory and supporting cells ans associated membranes. This is what converts vibrations into nerve impulses. It has an epithelium composed of HAIR CELLS and SUPPORTING CELLS. Hair are named for the long stiff microvilli called streocilia (false cilia-dont move on their own). Resting on top of the stereocilia is a gelatinous tectorial membrane IHC: Where all our hearing comes from-Supply 95% of sensory fibers of the cochlear nerve. OHC: Adjusts the reponse of the cochlea to diff frequencies and enable the IHCs to work w/ greater precision. HC=synapse w/ nerve fibers @ base.
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DEFINITION 47 1: Results from any condition that interferes w/ the tranmission of vibrations to the inner ear. Such as any damage to tympanic membrane, otitis media, blockage of auditory canal, osteclorosis. Non-nervous issue(otosclerosis) is fusion of the auditory ossicles to teach other, or fusion of the stapes to the oval window. (either way, it prevents bones from vibrating freely). 2: Sensorineural (nerve deafness) results from the death of hair cells or any of the nervous elements concerned with hearing. Common to people who have frequent exposure to loud noises. TERM 48
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DEFINITION 50 The sense of eq. is div. into static eq.-which is the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationay and the dynamic eq.- which is the perception of motion or acceleration. There are 2 kinds of acceleartion. linear (chang in velocity in a straight line like when riding a car or elevator) and angular acc (change in rate of rotation like in turning a corner) SACCULE AND UTRICLE are responsible for static eq. and the sense of linear acceleraion; the semicircular ducts detect onlly angular acceleration.