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Glossary of Political Science and Economics Terms, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Definitions for various terms related to political science and economics, including affirmative action, authority, capitalism, and more. These definitions help to clarify key concepts in these fields.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 01/14/2010

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TERM 1
Affirmative Action
DEFINITION 1
Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women
for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (p.363)
TERM 2
Authority
DEFINITION 2
Institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over
whom it is exercised. (p.351)
TERM 3
Capitalism
DEFINITION 3
An economic system in which the means of production are
held largely in private hand, and the main incentive for
economic activity is the accumulation of profits. (p.345)
TERM 4
Charismatic Authority
DEFINITION 4
Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or
emotional appeal to his or her followers. (p.351)
TERM 5
Communism
DEFINITION 5
As an ideal type, an economic system under which all
property is communally owned and no social distinctions are
made on the basis of people's ability to produce. (p.347)
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Affirmative Action

Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (p.363) TERM 2

Authority

DEFINITION 2 Institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised. (p.351) TERM 3

Capitalism

DEFINITION 3 An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hand, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. (p.345) TERM 4

Charismatic Authority

DEFINITION 4 Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers. (p.351) TERM 5

Communism

DEFINITION 5 As an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. (p.347)

Deindustrialization

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants. (p.362) TERM 7

Democracy

DEFINITION 7 In a literal sense, government by the people. (p.353) TERM 8

Dictatorship

DEFINITION 8 A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws. (p.353) TERM 9

Downsizing

DEFINITION 9 Reductions taken in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization. (p.364) TERM 10

Economic System

DEFINITION 10 The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed. (p.344)

Laissez-Faire

A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy. (p.345) TERM 17

Microfinancing

DEFINITION 17 Lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty. (p.362) TERM 18

Monarchy

DEFINITION 18 A form of government headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler. (p.345) TERM 19

Monopoly

DEFINITION 19 Control of a market by a singly business firm. (p.345) TERM 20

Offshoring

DEFINITION 20 The transfer of work to foreign contractors. (p.365)

Oligarchy

A form of government in which a few individual rule. (p.353) TERM 22

Peace

DEFINITION 22 The absence of war, or more broadly, a proactive effort to develop cooperative relations among nations. (p.359) TERM 23

Pluralist Model

DEFINITION 23 A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant. (p.358) TERM 24

Political System

DEFINITION 24 The social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals. (p.344) TERM 25

Politics

DEFINITION 25 In Harold Lasswell"s words, "who gets what, when. and how." (p.350)

Terrorism

The use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims. (p.361) TERM 32

Totalitarianism

DEFINITION 32 Virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life. (p.353) TERM 33

Traditional Authority

DEFINITION 33 Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice. (p.351)