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Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System | BIOL - Human Anatomy & Physiology, Quizzes of Physiology

Class: BIOL - Human Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Sinclair Community College; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Quizzes

2017/2018

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TERM 1
What is the process of embryonic
development that forms the brain, by
increasing the number of neurons?
DEFINITION 1
Cephalization
TERM 2
What is the name of the embryonic tissue that
gives rise to all brain tissues?
DEFINITION 2
Ectoderm
TERM 3
What does the prosencephalon refer
to?
DEFINITION 3
Forebrain (Front Part of the Brain)
TERM 4
What does the mesencephalon refer
to?
DEFINITION 4
Midbrain
TERM 5
What does the rhombencephalon refer
to?
DEFINITION 5
Hindbrain*The oldest and most primitive part of the brain
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What is the process of embryonic

development that forms the brain, by

increasing the number of neurons?

Cephalization

TERM 2

What is the name of the embryonic tissue that

gives rise to all brain tissues?

DEFINITION 2

Ectoderm

TERM 3

What does the prosencephalon refer

to?

DEFINITION 3

Forebrain (Front Part of the Brain)

TERM 4

What does the mesencephalon refer

to?

DEFINITION 4

Midbrain

TERM 5

What does the rhombencephalon refer

to?

DEFINITION 5

Hindbrain*The oldest and most primitive part of the brain

What are the two structures that make up the

telencephalon?

Cerebrum

Cortex

TERM 7

What are the three structures that make up

the diencephalon?

DEFINITION 7

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

*All of the Thalami

TERM 8

What embryonic structure gives rise to the

spinal cord?

DEFINITION 8

Neural Tube or Central Canal

TERM 9

What are the two flexures?

DEFINITION 9

Midbrain

Cervical Flexure

*The two flexures move the forebrain to the brain stem

TERM 10

Why do convolutions and fissures form within

the brain?

DEFINITION 10

The convolutions and fissures of the brain form due to a tight

growth environment within the skull (as the brain grows,

overlapping and folding are necessary). The brain also grows

much faster than the skull, resulting in a forced horseshoe

shape (the brain grows posteriorly and laterally, folding in on

itself and producing convolutions).

What are the three brain markings?

Gyri

Sulci

Fissures

TERM 17

Which brain marking divides the brain into

five areas or lobes?

DEFINITION 17

Sulci

TERM 18

What are the five sulci (lobes) of the brain?

DEFINITION 18

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Insula (hidden underneath the temporal-occipital-parietal

lobes)

TERM 19

What are the three regions of each cerebral

hemisphere?

DEFINITION 19

Right

Left

Cortex

OR

Cortex

White Matter

Basal Nuclei

TERM 20

Which region of the brain holds the conscious

mind?

DEFINITION 20

Cortex

What are the three functional areas of the

cortex? What are the functions of the three

functional areas of the cortex?

Motor: associated with movement (the movement of all

effectors-efferent information)

Sensory: associated with receiving incoming information or

afferent information

Association: tied to the motor and sensory areas; meaning is

tied to the sensory information coming into the brain (smell,

taste, sound, picture and touch); deciphering of the sensory

information occurs in the sensory area and the utilization of

action occurs in the motor area

TERM 22

What does the term contralateral refer

to?

DEFINITION 22

The term contralateral refers to each hemisphere of the

brain controlling the opposite side of the body (left

hemisphere controls the right side of the body, right

hemisphere controls the left side of the body).

TERM 23

Describe the primary motor cortex

DEFINITION 23

All voluntary movements are controlled through the primary

somatic motor cortex (motor pathways). The function of the

primary somatic motor cortex is voluntary, precise and

skilled movement.

TERM 24

Which area of the brain would control learned

motor skills (putting a hand through a maze,

without observation of the maze)?

DEFINITION 24

Pre-Motor Cortex

TERM 25

What is the function of Broca's Area? Where is

Broca's Area located within the brain?

DEFINITION 25

The function of Broca's Area is speech (controlling the

muscle associated with speech). Broca's Area is present in

only the left hemisphere (only one hemisphere).

What is the function of Werneck's Area?

Where in the brain is Werneck's Area located?

The function of Werneck's Area is language, in the sense of

sounding out specific words. Broca's Area and Werneck's

Area lie next to each other within the brain (temporal lobe-

surrounding lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere). The two

areas work together to attain language, the individual areas

aren't capable of carrying out language individually.

TERM 32

What area of the brain is for smell and is also

connected to an older area of the brain,

dedicated to emotion?

DEFINITION 32

Olfactory (Smell) Cortex (Limbic System)*Nose Brain-

Rhiencephalon

TERM 33

What is the function of the limbic system?

DEFINITION 33

Center for Emotion (Providing Emotional Impact)

TERM 34

What area of the brain is for taste?

DEFINITION 34

Gustatory Cortex

TERM 35

What area of the brain controls equilibrium

and is located near the ears?

DEFINITION 35

Vestibular Cortex

What is the most complex area of the brain;

holding our intellect, personality and

reasoning skills?

Prefrontal Cortex

TERM 37

What area houses written and spoken

language skills, allowing an individual to

sound out words (not to be confused with

Werneck's Area)?

DEFINITION 37

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (language comprehension and word

analysis)

TERM 38

What area of the brain allows an individual to

perceive the entire picture, in terms of danger

because the area receives neurons from all

association areas?

DEFINITION 38

General/Common Interpretation Area

TERM 39

What does cerebral dominance refer

to?

DEFINITION 39

The term cerebral dominance refers to one hemisphere

controlling a greater amount of input.

TERM 40

The right brain is considered more creative,

while the left brain is considered more...

DEFINITION 40

Analytical

What is the function of the thalamus

(considering all ascending sensory neurons

cross through the thalamus)?

The thalamus is the relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex; information is sorted out and then edited (pick and choose which information can get to the cortex) (choosing the conscious awareness of information-sensory input). All different impulses converge at the thalamus; akin to a gate.The remaining functions of the thalamus are the crude recognition of sensation in terms of pleasant/unpleasant and coordinating motor activities with the cerebellum. Emotions also lie in the hypothalamus, due to proximity of the amygdala (the limbic system).*The most important function of the thalamus is the integration of sensory information or input (act on or ignore incoming information).In summary; the thalamus mediates sensation, motor activity, cortical arousal, learning and memory. TERM 47

What are the four functions of the

hypothalamus? Are the functions of the

hypothalamus voluntary in nature?

DEFINITION 47

Blood Pressure

Heartbeat

Digestive Motility

Respiration

The functions of the hypothalamus are under ANS regulatory

control, so the actions are involuntary in nature.

TERM 48

What else does the limbic system of the brain

control (besides emotions of pleasure, fear

and rage)?

DEFINITION 48

Body Temperature (Sweating and Shivering)

Food Intake

Regulation of Water Intake (Osmoreceptors)

The Sleep/Wake Cycle

The Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (Biological Clock)

Endocrine Functions

TERM 49

Why are so many emotions associated to the

intake of food?

DEFINITION 49

Emotions are tied to the intake of food because food intake is

tied to the limbic system, which is the center of emotions

(food can invoke emotions-the nerve tissues are in close

proximity to one another).

TERM 50

Where is an individual's circadian or biological

clock stored within the brain?

DEFINITION 50

Limbic System-Hypothalamus

Which of the thalami control the sleep/wake

cycle?

Hypothalamus-The epithalamus also plays a role in the

sleep/wake cycle, by the pineal gland secreting melatonin (a

sleep-inducing hormone)

TERM 52

What are the three structures that make up

the brain stem?

DEFINITION 52

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

TERM 53

What type of control do the structures of the

brain stem exert? Is the control voluntary or

involuntary?

DEFINITION 53

Involuntary (Heart Rate and Breathing)

TERM 54

What emotional stimulus can cause the

amygdala to shut down a pain response?

DEFINITION 54

Fear (Flight or Fight Response)

TERM 55

Where is the startle reflex located, within the

brain?

DEFINITION 55

Inferior Colliculi

Which functional brain area controls sleep

and arousal?

Axonal Connections projecting to the Hypothalamus,

Thalamus, Cerebellum and Spinal Cord

TERM 62

Which area of the brain keeps the brain alert,

by filtering out a flood of sensory input?

DEFINITION 62

Reticular Activating System

TERM 63

What are the four EEG (Electro Encephala

Graph) wave patterns?

DEFINITION 63

Alpha Waves

Beta Waves

Theta Waves

Delta Waves

TERM 64

Which EEG pattern represents regular, awake

and rhythmic patterns?

DEFINITION 64

Alpha Waves

TERM 65

Which EEG pattern represents an irregular

pattern, as in problem solving?

DEFINITION 65

Beta Waves

Which EEG pattern isn't associated with

adults?

Theta Waves

TERM 67

Which EEG pattern indicates

unconsciousness?

DEFINITION 67

Delta Waves

TERM 68

How many bits of information is short-term

memory limited to?

DEFINITION 68

7-8 Bits of Information

TERM 69

How does long-term memory differ from

short-term memory?

DEFINITION 69

The stage of memory known as short-term memory is referred to

as working memory, has a limit to how much data can be stored

(7-8 bits) and short-term memory is preliminary to long-term

memory (a memory must first be stored in short-term memory,

before being moved and stored in long-term memory. The stage of

memory known as long-term memory is limitless in capacity (but

limited to bits of information in a given time) and declines with

age.

TERM 70

What is an optimal state of brain activity for

the transferring of memories, from short-term

to long-term? Which of the five senses is most

closely tied to memory?

DEFINITION 70

An optimal state of brain activity for the transferring of

memories is maximum alertness (shocked or aroused).The

sense of smell is most closely tied to memory (nose brain-

rhiencephalon) because the olfactory bulb is part of the

brain's limbic system.

What are the three coverings of the brain and

spinal cord?

The Meninges

Dura Matter

Arachnoid Layer

Pia Matter

TERM 77

What is meningitis?

DEFINITION 77

Inflammation of the Meninges

Viral: Non-Contagious

Bacterial: Contagious (more aggressive-onset is quick and

debilitating effects occur quickly)

TERM 78

What is CSF? How is CSF filtered?

DEFINITION 78

CSF is Cerebral Spinal FluidThe cerebral spinal fluid is filtered

through the choroid plexus (filters, cleanses and removes

waste products/solutes)

TERM 79

What factors or structures are responsible for

the impermeability (tightness) of the blood

brain barrier (BBB)?

DEFINITION 79

A Continuous Endothelium: accomplishing selectiveness by

employing a unique/continuous endothelium of the capillary

walls

Thick Basal Lamina: surrounding each capillary-continuous

endothelium-of the blood brain barrier

Astrocytes: grouped together within the basal lamina of each

capillary

Tight Junctions: an increased amount of tight junctions seaming

together each capillary and endothelial wall

TERM 80

What is the BBB?

DEFINITION 80

Blood Brain Barrier

What dysfunctions and diseases of the brain

have been discussed during this chapter?

Briefly describe each dysfunction and disease

Dysfunctions of the Brain:-Concussions: excessive movement of the brain- Contusions: tissue damage of the brain-Hemorrhage: ruptured blood vessel in the brain (various reasons)-Edema: swelling of the brain (usually contributing to a closed head injury)-Cerebral Vascular Attack (CVA's): stroke (ischemia or lack of blood flow)-Ischemia: lack of blood flow or low oxygen (O2)-Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA's): mini-strokes (can occur several times as a precursor to a stroke or CVA)Degenerative Diseases: all of the following affect myelination of neurons in the brain-Alzheimer's Disease: memory neurons shrink-Parkinson's Disease: degeneration of the dopamine releasing neurons-Huntington's Disease: proteins accumulate forming plaques. attacking the basal nuclei/cortex and affecting or interrupting the transmission of neurons (hereditary) TERM 82

Which embryonic tissue do all of the

structures of the brain arise from?

DEFINITION 82

Ectoderm

TERM 83

How does cerebral spinal fluid travel from the

lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

DEFINITION 83

Interventricular Foramen

TERM 84

What part of the brain is responsible for the

prevention of sensory overload?

DEFINITION 84

Reticular Activating System