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What is the process of embryonic
development that forms the brain, by
increasing the number of neurons?
Cephalization
TERM 2
What is the name of the embryonic tissue that
gives rise to all brain tissues?
DEFINITION 2
Ectoderm
TERM 3
What does the prosencephalon refer
to?
DEFINITION 3
Forebrain (Front Part of the Brain)
TERM 4
What does the mesencephalon refer
to?
DEFINITION 4
Midbrain
TERM 5
What does the rhombencephalon refer
to?
DEFINITION 5
Hindbrain*The oldest and most primitive part of the brain
What are the two structures that make up the
telencephalon?
Cerebrum
Cortex
TERM 7
What are the three structures that make up
the diencephalon?
DEFINITION 7
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
*All of the Thalami
TERM 8
What embryonic structure gives rise to the
spinal cord?
DEFINITION 8
Neural Tube or Central Canal
TERM 9
What are the two flexures?
DEFINITION 9
Midbrain
Cervical Flexure
*The two flexures move the forebrain to the brain stem
TERM 10
Why do convolutions and fissures form within
the brain?
DEFINITION 10
The convolutions and fissures of the brain form due to a tight
growth environment within the skull (as the brain grows,
overlapping and folding are necessary). The brain also grows
much faster than the skull, resulting in a forced horseshoe
shape (the brain grows posteriorly and laterally, folding in on
itself and producing convolutions).
What are the three brain markings?
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
TERM 17
Which brain marking divides the brain into
five areas or lobes?
DEFINITION 17
Sulci
TERM 18
What are the five sulci (lobes) of the brain?
DEFINITION 18
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula (hidden underneath the temporal-occipital-parietal
lobes)
TERM 19
What are the three regions of each cerebral
hemisphere?
DEFINITION 19
Right
Left
Cortex
OR
Cortex
White Matter
Basal Nuclei
TERM 20
Which region of the brain holds the conscious
mind?
DEFINITION 20
Cortex
What are the three functional areas of the
cortex? What are the functions of the three
functional areas of the cortex?
Motor: associated with movement (the movement of all
effectors-efferent information)
Sensory: associated with receiving incoming information or
afferent information
Association: tied to the motor and sensory areas; meaning is
tied to the sensory information coming into the brain (smell,
taste, sound, picture and touch); deciphering of the sensory
information occurs in the sensory area and the utilization of
action occurs in the motor area
TERM 22
What does the term contralateral refer
to?
DEFINITION 22
The term contralateral refers to each hemisphere of the
brain controlling the opposite side of the body (left
hemisphere controls the right side of the body, right
hemisphere controls the left side of the body).
TERM 23
Describe the primary motor cortex
DEFINITION 23
All voluntary movements are controlled through the primary
somatic motor cortex (motor pathways). The function of the
primary somatic motor cortex is voluntary, precise and
skilled movement.
TERM 24
Which area of the brain would control learned
motor skills (putting a hand through a maze,
without observation of the maze)?
DEFINITION 24
Pre-Motor Cortex
TERM 25
What is the function of Broca's Area? Where is
Broca's Area located within the brain?
DEFINITION 25
The function of Broca's Area is speech (controlling the
muscle associated with speech). Broca's Area is present in
only the left hemisphere (only one hemisphere).
What is the function of Werneck's Area?
Where in the brain is Werneck's Area located?
The function of Werneck's Area is language, in the sense of
sounding out specific words. Broca's Area and Werneck's
Area lie next to each other within the brain (temporal lobe-
surrounding lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere). The two
areas work together to attain language, the individual areas
aren't capable of carrying out language individually.
TERM 32
What area of the brain is for smell and is also
connected to an older area of the brain,
dedicated to emotion?
DEFINITION 32
Olfactory (Smell) Cortex (Limbic System)*Nose Brain-
Rhiencephalon
TERM 33
What is the function of the limbic system?
DEFINITION 33
Center for Emotion (Providing Emotional Impact)
TERM 34
What area of the brain is for taste?
DEFINITION 34
Gustatory Cortex
TERM 35
What area of the brain controls equilibrium
and is located near the ears?
DEFINITION 35
Vestibular Cortex
What is the most complex area of the brain;
holding our intellect, personality and
reasoning skills?
Prefrontal Cortex
TERM 37
What area houses written and spoken
language skills, allowing an individual to
sound out words (not to be confused with
Werneck's Area)?
DEFINITION 37
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (language comprehension and word
analysis)
TERM 38
What area of the brain allows an individual to
perceive the entire picture, in terms of danger
because the area receives neurons from all
association areas?
DEFINITION 38
General/Common Interpretation Area
TERM 39
What does cerebral dominance refer
to?
DEFINITION 39
The term cerebral dominance refers to one hemisphere
controlling a greater amount of input.
TERM 40
The right brain is considered more creative,
while the left brain is considered more...
DEFINITION 40
Analytical
What is the function of the thalamus
(considering all ascending sensory neurons
cross through the thalamus)?
The thalamus is the relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex; information is sorted out and then edited (pick and choose which information can get to the cortex) (choosing the conscious awareness of information-sensory input). All different impulses converge at the thalamus; akin to a gate.The remaining functions of the thalamus are the crude recognition of sensation in terms of pleasant/unpleasant and coordinating motor activities with the cerebellum. Emotions also lie in the hypothalamus, due to proximity of the amygdala (the limbic system).*The most important function of the thalamus is the integration of sensory information or input (act on or ignore incoming information).In summary; the thalamus mediates sensation, motor activity, cortical arousal, learning and memory. TERM 47
What are the four functions of the
hypothalamus? Are the functions of the
hypothalamus voluntary in nature?
DEFINITION 47
Blood Pressure
Heartbeat
Digestive Motility
Respiration
The functions of the hypothalamus are under ANS regulatory
control, so the actions are involuntary in nature.
TERM 48
What else does the limbic system of the brain
control (besides emotions of pleasure, fear
and rage)?
DEFINITION 48
Body Temperature (Sweating and Shivering)
Food Intake
Regulation of Water Intake (Osmoreceptors)
The Sleep/Wake Cycle
The Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (Biological Clock)
Endocrine Functions
TERM 49
Why are so many emotions associated to the
intake of food?
DEFINITION 49
Emotions are tied to the intake of food because food intake is
tied to the limbic system, which is the center of emotions
(food can invoke emotions-the nerve tissues are in close
proximity to one another).
TERM 50
Where is an individual's circadian or biological
clock stored within the brain?
DEFINITION 50
Limbic System-Hypothalamus
Which of the thalami control the sleep/wake
cycle?
Hypothalamus-The epithalamus also plays a role in the
sleep/wake cycle, by the pineal gland secreting melatonin (a
sleep-inducing hormone)
TERM 52
What are the three structures that make up
the brain stem?
DEFINITION 52
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
TERM 53
What type of control do the structures of the
brain stem exert? Is the control voluntary or
involuntary?
DEFINITION 53
Involuntary (Heart Rate and Breathing)
TERM 54
What emotional stimulus can cause the
amygdala to shut down a pain response?
DEFINITION 54
Fear (Flight or Fight Response)
TERM 55
Where is the startle reflex located, within the
brain?
DEFINITION 55
Inferior Colliculi
Which functional brain area controls sleep
and arousal?
Axonal Connections projecting to the Hypothalamus,
Thalamus, Cerebellum and Spinal Cord
TERM 62
Which area of the brain keeps the brain alert,
by filtering out a flood of sensory input?
DEFINITION 62
Reticular Activating System
TERM 63
What are the four EEG (Electro Encephala
Graph) wave patterns?
DEFINITION 63
Alpha Waves
Beta Waves
Theta Waves
Delta Waves
TERM 64
Which EEG pattern represents regular, awake
and rhythmic patterns?
DEFINITION 64
Alpha Waves
TERM 65
Which EEG pattern represents an irregular
pattern, as in problem solving?
DEFINITION 65
Beta Waves
Which EEG pattern isn't associated with
adults?
Theta Waves
TERM 67
Which EEG pattern indicates
unconsciousness?
DEFINITION 67
Delta Waves
TERM 68
How many bits of information is short-term
memory limited to?
DEFINITION 68
7-8 Bits of Information
TERM 69
How does long-term memory differ from
short-term memory?
DEFINITION 69
The stage of memory known as short-term memory is referred to
as working memory, has a limit to how much data can be stored
(7-8 bits) and short-term memory is preliminary to long-term
memory (a memory must first be stored in short-term memory,
before being moved and stored in long-term memory. The stage of
memory known as long-term memory is limitless in capacity (but
limited to bits of information in a given time) and declines with
age.
TERM 70
What is an optimal state of brain activity for
the transferring of memories, from short-term
to long-term? Which of the five senses is most
closely tied to memory?
DEFINITION 70
An optimal state of brain activity for the transferring of
memories is maximum alertness (shocked or aroused).The
sense of smell is most closely tied to memory (nose brain-
rhiencephalon) because the olfactory bulb is part of the
brain's limbic system.
What are the three coverings of the brain and
spinal cord?
The Meninges
Dura Matter
Arachnoid Layer
Pia Matter
TERM 77
What is meningitis?
DEFINITION 77
Inflammation of the Meninges
Viral: Non-Contagious
Bacterial: Contagious (more aggressive-onset is quick and
debilitating effects occur quickly)
TERM 78
What is CSF? How is CSF filtered?
DEFINITION 78
CSF is Cerebral Spinal FluidThe cerebral spinal fluid is filtered
through the choroid plexus (filters, cleanses and removes
waste products/solutes)
TERM 79
What factors or structures are responsible for
the impermeability (tightness) of the blood
brain barrier (BBB)?
DEFINITION 79
A Continuous Endothelium: accomplishing selectiveness by
employing a unique/continuous endothelium of the capillary
walls
Thick Basal Lamina: surrounding each capillary-continuous
endothelium-of the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes: grouped together within the basal lamina of each
capillary
Tight Junctions: an increased amount of tight junctions seaming
together each capillary and endothelial wall
TERM 80
What is the BBB?
DEFINITION 80
Blood Brain Barrier
What dysfunctions and diseases of the brain
have been discussed during this chapter?
Briefly describe each dysfunction and disease
Dysfunctions of the Brain:-Concussions: excessive movement of the brain- Contusions: tissue damage of the brain-Hemorrhage: ruptured blood vessel in the brain (various reasons)-Edema: swelling of the brain (usually contributing to a closed head injury)-Cerebral Vascular Attack (CVA's): stroke (ischemia or lack of blood flow)-Ischemia: lack of blood flow or low oxygen (O2)-Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA's): mini-strokes (can occur several times as a precursor to a stroke or CVA)Degenerative Diseases: all of the following affect myelination of neurons in the brain-Alzheimer's Disease: memory neurons shrink-Parkinson's Disease: degeneration of the dopamine releasing neurons-Huntington's Disease: proteins accumulate forming plaques. attacking the basal nuclei/cortex and affecting or interrupting the transmission of neurons (hereditary) TERM 82
Which embryonic tissue do all of the
structures of the brain arise from?
DEFINITION 82
Ectoderm
TERM 83
How does cerebral spinal fluid travel from the
lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?
DEFINITION 83
Interventricular Foramen
TERM 84
What part of the brain is responsible for the
prevention of sensory overload?
DEFINITION 84
Reticular Activating System
