Download Cell Division and the Process of Mitosis and Meiosis: Definitions and Key Terms and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Cell Division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. TERM 2
Chromosomes
DEFINITION 2 A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. TERM 3
Genome
DEFINITION 3 the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. TERM 4
Somatic cells
DEFINITION 4 Somatic cells (diploid) are any cells forming the body of an organism, as opposed to germline cells. Each contain 46 chromosomes, 23 inherited from each parent TERM 5
Gametes
DEFINITION 5 A gamete is a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. Sperm and Eggs Made in gonads
Chromatin
Chromatin is the combination of DNA, histone, and other proteins that makes up chromosomes. TERM 7
Sister Chromatids
DEFINITION 7 Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromatin connected by a centromere. TERM 8
Centromere
DEFINITION 8 A centromere is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come in contact. TERM 9
Mitosis
DEFINITION 9 Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. TERM 10
Cytokinesis
DEFINITION 10 Cytokinesis, from the greek cyto- (cell) and kinesis (motion, movement), is the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells.
Metaphase
Metaphase, from the ancient Greek (between) and (stage), is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed & highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. TERM 17
Anaphase
DEFINITION 17 Anaphase, from the ancient Greek - (up) and (stage), is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in a eukaryotic cell. The Cell elongates Shortest stage of mitosis TERM 18
Telophase
DEFINITION 18 Telophase from the ancient Greek "" (end) and "" (stage), is a stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. Two daughter nuclei form in the cell Nucleoli reappear The chromosomes become less condensed. TERM 19
mitotic spindle
DEFINITION 19 In cell biology, the spindle fibers are the structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division. Made of microtubules and associated proteins TERM 20
centrosome
DEFINITION 20 organizes the cells microtubules. Not essential for cell division. Plants don't even have centrioles
aster
a radial array of short microtubules, extends from each centrosome TERM 22
Kinetochore
DEFINITION 22 The kinetochore () is the protein structure on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull the chromosomes apart. TERM 23
Metaphase Plate
DEFINITION 23 the imaginary plane in which the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up on TERM 24
Cleavage
DEFINITION 24 division of the the cell. This happens during cytokinesis TERM 25
Cleavage Furrow
DEFINITION 25 a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
G1 checkpoint
most important. If a cell receives a signal at the G checkpoint, it will ussually complete the G1, S, G2 and M phases and divide TERM 32
G
DEFINITION 32 The G0 phase (referred to the G zero phase) is a period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state. Most cells in the human body are actually in the G0 stage TERM 33
Cyclin Dependent Kinases
DEFINITION 33 Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) belong to a group of protein kinases originally discovered as being involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. The activity of the CDKs depend of the amount of cyclin within the cell TERM 34
Cyclin
DEFINITION 34 a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell TERM 35
Maturation Promoting
Factor
DEFINITION 35 Maturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis- promoting factor or M-Phase-promoting factor) is a heterodimeric protein composed of cyclin B or cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1, also known as Cdc2 or p34 kinase) that stimulates the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. Trigger the passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase MPF acts directly as a kinase and indirectly by activating other kinases
Growth
Factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. Protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide TERM 37
Density Dependent Inhibition
DEFINITION 37 cultured cells normally divide until they form a single layer of cells on the inner surface of the culture container, at which point the cells stop dividing TERM 38
Anchorage Dependence
DEFINITION 38 they must be attached to a substratum, such as the inside of a culture jar or the extracellular matrix TERM 39
Transformation
DEFINITION 39 the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell TERM 40
Benign Tumor
DEFINITION 40 A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks all three of the malignant properties of a cancer.
