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ActiveX
A set of controls, or reusable components, that enable programs or content of almost any type to be embedded within a web page. TERM 2
Algorithm
DEFINITION 2 Formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem. TERM 3
Assembler
DEFINITION 3 Also called assembler program; language-translator program that translates assembly-language programs into machine language. TERM 4
Assembly
language
DEFINITION 4 Second-generation programming language; it allows a programmer to write a program using abbreviations instead of the 0s and 1s of machine language. TERM 5
CASE (computer-aided software engineering)
tools
DEFINITION 5 Software that provides computer-automated means of designing and changing systems.
Coding
In the programming process, the third step, consisting of translating logic requirements from pseudocode or flowcharts into a programming language. TERM 7
Compiler
DEFINITION 7 Language translator that converts the entire program of a high-level language (called the source code) into machine language (called the object code) for execution later. Examples of compiler languages: COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, and C. TERM 8
Control structure
DEFINITION 8 Also called logic structure; in structured program design, the programming structure that controls the logical sequence in which computer program instructions are executed. Three control structures are used to form the logic of a program: sequence, selection, and iteration (or loop). TERM 9
Data flow diagram (DFD)
DEFINITION 9 Modeling tool that graphically shows the flow of data through a system essential processes, including inputs, outputs, and files. TERM 10
Debug
DEFINITION 10 Part of program testing; the detection, location , and removal of syntax and logic errors in a program.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
is a markup language that lets people create on-screen documents for the internet that can easily be linked by words and pictures to other documents. TERM 17
Interpreter
DEFINITION 17 Language translator that converts each high-level language statement into machine language and executes it immediately, statement by statement. An example of a high- level language using an interpreter is BASIC. TERM 18
JavaScript
DEFINITION 18 Object-oriented scripting language used, for example, to write little functions that are embedded in HTML pages and interact with the browser to perform certain tasks not possible in static HTML alone. There is no real relationship between JavaScript and Java. TERM 19
Language translator
DEFINITION 19 Type of system software that translates the program written in a second-, third-, or highter-gereration language into machine language. Language translators are of three types: (1) assemblers, (2) compilers, and (3) interpreters. TERM 20
Logic errors
DEFINITION 20 Programming errors caused by incorrect use of control structures.
Machine
language
Lowest-level (first generation) programming language; the language of the computer, representing data as 1s and 0s. Most machine-language programs vary from computer to computer they are machine-dependent. TERM 22
Markup
language
DEFINITION 22 A kind of coding, or tags, inserted into text that embeds details about the structure and appearance of the text within a text file for example, HTML. The word markup is derived from the traditional publishing practice of marking up a manuscript, that is, adding printers instructions in the margins of a paper manuscript. An example of a markup language is SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). TERM 23
Modeling tools
DEFINITION 23 Analytical tools such as charts, tables, and diagrams that are used by systems analysts. Examples are data flow diagrams, decision tables, systems flowcharts, and object-oriented analysis. TERM 24
Module
DEFINITION 24 Sometimes called subprogram or subroutine; a processing step of a program. Each module is made up of logically related program statements. Each module is made up of logically related program statements. TERM 25
Natural languages
DEFINITION 25 (1) Ordinary human languages (for instance English, Spanish); (2) fifth-generation programming languages that use human language to give people a more natural connection with computers.
Program design
Step 2 in the programming process; programs are designed in tow mini-steps: (1) the program logic is determined through a top-down approach and modularization, using a hierarchy chart; (2) the program is designed in detail, using pseudocode or flowcharts with logical tools called control structures. TERM 32
Program flowchart
DEFINITION 32 Chart that graphically presents the detailed series f steps needed to solve a programming problem; it uses standard symbols called ANSI symbols. TERM 33
Program
testing
DEFINITION 33 Step 4 in the programming process; involves running various tests and then running real-world data to make sure the program works. TERM 34
Programming
DEFINITION 34 Five-step process for creating software instructions: (1) Clarify/define the problem; (2) design a solution; (3) write (code) the program; (4) test the program; (5) document and maintain the program. TERM 35
Programming
language
DEFINITION 35 Set of rules (words and symbols) that allow programmers to tell the computer what operations to follow. The five levels (generations) of programming languages are (1) machine language, (2) assembly language, (3) high-level (procedural) languages, (5) natural languages.
Prototype
A limited working system, or part of one, developed to test design concepts. TERM 37
Prototyping
DEFINITION 37 Using workstations, CASE tools, and other software applications to build working models of system components so that they can be quickly tested and evaluated. TERM 38
Pseudocode
DEFINITION 38 Tool for designing a program in narrative form using normal human-language statements to describe the logic and processing flow. Using pseudocode is like doing an outline or summary form of the program to be written. TERM 39
Script
DEFINITION 39 A short list of self-executing commands embedded in a web page that perform a specific function or routine, often without user involvement. TERM 40
Structured programming
DEFINITION 40 Method of programming that takes a top-down approach, breaking programs into modular forms and using standard logic tools called control structures (sequence, selection, case, iteration).
Systems analyst
Information specialist who performs systems analysis, design, and implementation. TERM 47
Systems design
DEFINITION 47 Phase 3 of the SDLC; the purpose is to do a preliminary design and then a detail design and to write a report. TERM 48
Systems development
DEFINITION 48 Phase 4 of the SDLC; consists of acquiring and testing hardware and software for the new system. This phase begins once management has accepted the report containing the design and have approved the way to development. TERM 49
Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
DEFINITION 49 Six-phase process that many organizations follow during systems analysis and design: (1) preliminary investigation; (2) systems analysis; (3) systems design; (4) systems development; (5) systems implementation; (6) systems maintenance. Phases often overlap, and a new one may start before the old one is finished. After the fist four phases, management must decide whether to proceed to the next phase. User input and review are a critical part of each phase. TERM 50
Systems implementation
DEFINITION 50 Phase 5 of the SDLC; consists of converting the hardware, software, ad files to the new system working by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions.
Systems maintenance
Phase 6 of the SDLC; consists of keeping the system working by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions. TERM 52
Top-down program design
DEFINITION 52 Method of program design; a programmer identifies the top or principal processing step, or module, of a program and then breaks it down in hierarchical fashion to the lowest level of detail. TERM 53
Very-high-level languages
DEFINITION 53 Also known as problem-oriented and nonprocedural languages and fourth-generation languages (4GLs); more user-oriented than third-generation languages, 4GLs require fewer commands. 4GLs consist of report generators, query languages, and application generators. TERM 54
Visual programming
DEFINITION 54 method of creating programs in which the programmer makes connections between objects by drawing, pointing, and clicking on diagrams and icons and by interacting with flowcharts. Programming is made easier because the orientation of object-oriented programming is used in a graphical or visual way. TERM 55
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling [Markup]
Language)
DEFINITION 55 Type of programming language used to create three- dimensional (3-D) web pages.
