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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together through the process of gene splicing. A DNA molecule that is composed of DNA from different sources. TERM 2
Restriction Nuclease
DEFINITION 2 A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded or single stranded DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. Nuclease that can cleave a DNA molecule at any site where a specific short sequence of nucleotides occurs. Different restriction nucleases cut at different sequences. TERM 3
Hybridization
DEFINITION 3 Experimental process in which two complimentary nucleic acid strands form a double helix, a powerful technique for detecting specific nucleotide sequences. TERM 4
DNA Cloning
DEFINITION 4 Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it in vitro. Making many identical copies of a cell or a DNA molecule or an organism TERM 5
Recombinant DNA
DEFINITION 5 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together through the process of gene splicing. A DNA molecule that is composed of DNA from different sources.
DNA
Ligase
In molecular biology, DNA ligase is a special type of ligase, which is an enzyme () that in the cell repairs single-stranded discontinuities in double stranded DNA molecules, in simple words strands that have double-strand break (a break in both complementary strands of DNA). An enzyme that joins two DNA strands together end to end. TERM 7
Transformation
DEFINITION 7 In molecular biology transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) that is taken up through the cell membrane(s). Process by which cells take up DNA molecules from their surroundings and then express genes on that DNA. TERM 8
Plasmid
DEFINITION 8 A plasmid is a DNA molecule that is separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA. Small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the genome. TERM 9
DNA Library
DEFINITION 9 In molecular biology, a library is a collection of DNA fragments that is stored and propagated in a population of micro-organisms through the process of molecular cloning. Collection of cloned DNA molecules, representing either an entire genome or copies of mRNA produced by a cell. TERM 10
cDNA
DEFINITION 10 In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase. DNA molecule made as a copy of mRNA and therefore lacking the introns that are present in genomic DNA. Used to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein by DNA sequencing or to make the protein in large quantities by cloning followed by expression.
DNA Microarray
A DNA microarray is a multiplex technology used in molecular biology. A glass slide upon which a large number of short DNA molecules have been immobilized in an orderly pattern. Each of these DNA fragments acts as a probe for a specific gene, allowing the RNA products of thousands of genes to be monitored at the same time. TERM 17
Phenotype
DEFINITION 17 A phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest). The observable character of a cell or organism. TERM 18
Genotype
DEFINITION 18 The genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell, an organism, or an individual Set of genes carried by an individual cell or organism. TERM 19
Site-Directed Mutagenesis
DEFINITION 19 Site-directed mutagenesis, also called site-specific mutagenesis or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, is a molecular biology technique in which a mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule. Technique by which a mutation can be made at a particular sit in DNA. TERM 20
Gene Replacement
DEFINITION 20 The replacement of a normal gene in an organism with one that has been mutated in vitro. Used to investigate the genes function.
Gene Knockout
A gene knockout (abbreviation: KO) is a genetic technique in which an organism is engineered to carry genes that have been made inoperative (have been "knocked out" of the organism). TERM 22
Transgenic Organisms
DEFINITION 22 A genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. A plant or animal that has stably incorporated one or more genes from another cell or organism and can pass them on to successive generations. TERM 23
RNA Interference
DEFINITION 23 RNA interference (RNAi) is a system within living cells that takes part in controlling which genes are active and how active they are. Cellular mechanism activated by double- stranded RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar nucleotide sequence.
