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Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures, Quizzes of History

Tarrant County College History

America: A Narrative History by David Shi. Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures Study questions

Typology: Quizzes

2020/2021

Uploaded on 01/16/2022

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CHAPTER 1

The Collision of Cultures

CONCEPT MAP

I. Early Cultures in America

A. The Mayas, Incas, and Mexica

i. The Incas

ii. The Mexica (Aztecs)

B. North American Civilizations

C. Diverse Societies

i. The Southwest

ii. The Northwest

iii. The Great Plains

iv. The Mississippians

v. Cahokia

D. Eastern Woodlands Peoples

i. The Algonquians

ii. The Iroquoians

iii. Eastern Woodlands Indians

II. European Visions of America

A. The Renaissance

B. The Rise of Global Trade

C. The Voyages of Columbus

i. Crossing the Atlantic

ii. Exploring the Caribbean

iii. Naming America

iv. Professional Explorers

III. Religious Conflict in Europe

A. Martin Luther

i. The Catholic Reaction

B. John Calvin

i. Calvinism

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CHAPTER 1 The Collision of Cultures

CONCEPT MAP

I. Early Cultures in America A. The Mayas, Incas, and Mexica i. The Incas ii. The Mexica (Aztecs) B. North American Civilizations C. Diverse Societies i. The Southwest ii. The Northwest iii. The Great Plains iv. The Mississippians v. Cahokia D. Eastern Woodlands Peoples i. The Algonquians ii. The Iroquoians iii. Eastern Woodlands Indians II. European Visions of America A. The Renaissance B. The Rise of Global Trade C. The Voyages of Columbus i. Crossing the Atlantic ii. Exploring the Caribbean iii. Naming America iv. Professional Explorers III. Religious Conflict in Europe A. Martin Luther i. The Catholic Reaction B. John Calvin i. Calvinism

C. The Counter-Reformation D. The Reformation in England E. King Henry VIII F. The Reign of Elizabeth IV. The Spanish Empire A. Spain in the Caribbean B. A Clash of Cultures i. Cortés’s Conquest ii. Spanish Invaders iii. New Spain iv. A Catholic Empire V. The Columbian Exchange A. The Exchange of Plants and Foods B. An Exchange of Diseases VI. The Spanish in North America A. Hispanic America i. St. Augustine ii. The Spanish Southwest a. New Mexico iii. Catholic Missions iv. The Mestizo Factor v. The Pueblo Revolt B. Horses and the Great Plains i. Buffalo Hunting C. The Spanish Empire in Decline VII. Challenges to the Spanish Empire A. New France B. The Dutch Revolt C. The Defeat of the Armada VIII. English Exploration of America

TRUE/FALSE

By 7000 B.C.E., indigenous peoples in the Americas had begun transitioning into farming societies. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 7 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America
Mexica tribes originated in northwest Mexico and were later called the Aztecs by Europeans. ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: Page 8 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America
Most North American tribal leaders ruled with absolute authority. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Page 10 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America
The pueblo cultures were located primarily in what is today the American Southwest. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 11 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America
Cahokians were known for constructing stone dwellings into cliff sides. ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Page 13 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America
Ferdinand and Isabella forced Muslims and Jews to either become Christians or leave Spain. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 17 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America
Many of the New World’s early explorers were looking for a shorter route around Africa to India. ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Page 17 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America
The New World was named for the Portuguese-sponsored explorer Amerigo Vespucci. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Pages 20–21 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America
John Cabot’s landfall in North America gave England the basis for a later claim to all of North America. ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: Page 21 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America
Calvinism stressed tolerance and liberal theology rather than a strict moral code. ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Page 24 OBJ: 1. TOP: Religious Conflict in Europe
The Church of England was established by gradually integrating Calvinism with English Catholicism. ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Page 25 OBJ: 1. TOP: Religious Conflict in Europe
Cortés enlisted the aid of surrounding populations to help in his overthrow of the Aztecs. ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 28–30 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish Empire
The brutal and exploitative systems that the Spanish implemented in the New World were largely the work of Bartolomé de Las Casas. ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Page 31 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish Empire
The introduction of Native American foods, such as corn and potatoes, to Europe spurred a dramatic increase in Europe’s population. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Pages 31–32 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Columbian Exchange
The presence of horses transformed the ecology of the Great Plains, such as through the evolution of some Native American groups into nomadic buffalo hunters. ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Page 38 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish in North America
English settlements were numerous and thriving at the time of Queen Elizabeth’s death in 1603. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Page 43 OBJ: 1.

TOP: English Exploration of America MULTIPLE CHOICE

Until recently, scholars had assumed that Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia into North America a. in response to the onset of an ice age. b. in pursuit of large game animals. c. beginning about 1,000 years ago. d. in an effort to escape tribal warfare in Asia. e. in search of a disease-free environment. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 5 OBJ: 1. TOP: Introduction MSC: Remembering
Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the prehistoric human migrations from Asia to the Americas a. might have involved the use of boats by some migrants to cross the ocean. b. involved the Bering land bridge as the only possible avenue of travel. c. required that migrants cross Africa because it had superior conditions. d. ultimately resulted in little diversity due to how few migrants managed to make it. e. brought migrants to environments that were mostly uniform in terms of terrain and climate. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 6 OBJ: 1. TOP: Introduction MSC: Applying
Why were crops such as maize so significant to the evolution of indigenous peoples in the Americas? a. These crops were so similar in different corners of the Americas that they guaranteed that the societies developed by indigenous peoples would for the most part lack diversity with one another. b. These crops grew so well on their own without any help from humans that indigenous peoples could focus mostly on cultural rather than agricultural activities. c. These crops were reliable enough as food sources that indigenous peoples could lead more settled lives and, thus, become more established, larger societies. d. These crops were varied so much in output from year to year that they led most indigenous societies to increasingly depend on hunting and gathering as the sole food source. e. These crops had less nutritional value than indigenous peoples’ prior food sources and, thus, led to a great decrease in the size of the indigenous population. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 7 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America MSC: Applying
Around 1500 B.C.E., which group in Middle America (Mesoamerica) began developing large cities, including gigantic pyramids? a. the Aztecs d. the Pueblos b. the Incas e. the Mexica c. the Mayas ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 8 OBJ: 1. TOP: Early Cultures in America MSC: Remembering
What were some of the defining features of the Inca Empire? a. It extended along the Andes Mountains in western South America and featured stone buildings and irrigated farms. b. It spanned much of central Mexico after a migration from northwest Mexico and was dominated by huts made with adobe. c. It was found in the Pacific Northwest and featured large, earthen-floored, cedar-planked houses, where multiple families lived under one roof. d. It was predominantly located in the Great Plains and experienced cold winters and hot summers west of the Mississippi River. e. It was located in the Southwest near what is today Arizona and was comprised of people who spoke one unified language.

European exploration of the Americas was greatly assisted by the a. continued accessibility of Asian spice trade routes to Europeans. b. growing prominence of Muslim strongholds in Spain. c. transformation in Europe away from feudal societies. d. decentralization of European countries. e. decline of European monarchies. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 15–16 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Understanding
Which of the following is true of Portuguese seagoing efforts by 1500? a. The Portuguese had few expert sailors and were one of few European nations that had not yet made it to Asia. b. Portuguese seagoing technology enabled them to build early settlements in what is today Canada and along the northern coastline. c. The Portuguese’s use of new sailing technologies, coupled with the unification of Spain contributed to the rise of global trade. d. Portuguese seagoing efforts were so time-consuming that Portuguese monarchs largely ignored Muslims and Jewish immigration into their nation. e. The Portuguese mainly used ships for the purpose of naval warfare against the Spanish, with whom they had irreconcilable differences. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 16–17 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Analyzing
Which were the four most powerful western European nations that emerged during the Age of Exploration? a. Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain b. Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden c. England, France, Germany, and Spain d. England, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain e. England, France, Portugal, and Spain ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Page 17 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Remembering
Which of the following was a result of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella? a. the opening of the Atlantic slave trade b. increased Catholic expansionism c. the rise of the feudal system in Europe d. the security of Granada as a Muslim stronghold e. the separation of Spain and Portugal into two nations ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 17 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Analyzing
The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the a. Portuguese. d. Italians. b. Spaniards. e. Irish. c. English. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 16–17 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Remembering
What was the relationship between the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance? a. The onset of the Age of Exploration and its emphasis on trial and error inspired the earliest ideas of the Renaissance. b. The focus of the Renaissance on religious rather than secular ideas caused the Age of Exploration to center solely on missionary work. c. The Renaissance and Age of Exploration occurred simultaneously, as both marked the end of the period known as early modernism. d. The Renaissance emphasis on humanism, discovery, and scientific innovation helped spark the Age of Exploration.

e. Because the Renaissance began in Asia and spread to western Europe, the Age of Exploration ultimately focused on Asia as well. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 16 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Evaluating

On his first voyage, Columbus a. explored a number of Caribbean islands. b. landed on the mainland of North America. c. realized he had discovered a new world. d. expressed his kind intentions toward the Indians. e. ensured that he would be wealthy for life. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 19–20 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Understanding
Columbus succeeded in a. finding a water route to Asia. b. proving the world was round. c. inspiring subsequent European explorations. d. bringing the benefits of European civilization to the Indians. e. finding rich sources of rubies and diamonds. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 21 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Analyzing
John Cabot’s crossing of the Atlantic in 1497 resulted in his a. sighting of the Pacific. b. sailing around the tip of South America. c. discovery of a shortcut to China. d. exploration of Florida. e. making landfall in present-day Canada. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Page 21 OBJ: 1. TOP: European Visions of America MSC: Remembering
What compelled Martin Luther to nail his ninety-five “theses” to the door of a Wittenburg cathedral, thus launching the Protestant Reformation? a. He was angry that the Church refused to allow him to sell indulgences to other churchgoers. b. He wished to combat the Renaissance idea that all Christians could essentially act as their own priests. c. He condemned the greed of the Catholic Church and believed salvation could not be purchased. d. He insisted on holding all religious services in Latin and placing far less emphasis on the Bible. e. He actively sought to bring decades of organized political strife to Europe. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 22–23 OBJ: 1. TOP: Religious Conflict in Europe MSC: Analyzing
Why was the Protestant Reformation significant beyond its religious consequences? a. It was a major social movement that managed to spread purely through word of mouth. b. It disrupted traditional notions of wealth, class, and monarchical supremacy. c. It made the idea of limited government far less likely to take hold in Europe. d. It resulted in greater political unity among European nations. e. It created a distinctly unified view on theological issues among Protestants in particular. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 23 OBJ: 1. TOP: Religious Conflict in Europe MSC: Evaluating
A central element of John Calvin’s theology was his belief in a. salvation through good works. d. papal infallibility.

d. violence shown to Spaniards by Native Americans. e. the agricultural impacts of the Columbian Exchange. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 31 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish Empire MSC: Applying

The Columbian Exchange refers to the a. first transaction involving the exchange of enslaved Africans and New World resources. b. deal struck between Columbus and the Spanish monarchs to fund his expedition. c. global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas. d. division of the Americas between Spain and Portugal as a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas. e. establishment of the nation of Colombia in South America as the first permanent European colony. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 31 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Columbian Exchange MSC: Applying
Which of the following foods did Europeans introduce to the “New” World? a. beans d. squash b. corn e. wheat c. potatoes ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Page 32 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Columbian Exchange MSC: Remembering
Food crops exported from the Americas a. were far more valuable to Europeans than gold or silver. b. enabled a population explosion in Europe. c. primarily included the meat of cattle and pigs. d. remained outside the Columbian Exchange, as it just included people. e. included commodities previously unknown in Europe, like rice and wheat. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 31–32 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Columbian Exchange MSC: Analyzing
After the arrival of Europeans, the greatest number of Indians died as a result of a. depression. d. disease. b. starvation. e. enslavement. c. battle. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 32 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Columbian Exchange MSC: Remembering
Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of diseases such as smallpox during the Age of Exploration? a. It was predominantly European explorers who contracted the diseases of the Native Americans and, as a result, the Europeans put a halt to expeditions for several years until they built up immunity. b. Native American chieftains and religious leaders often proved immune to these diseases and, thus, maintained a stronger hold over their empires due to their people viewing them as immortal gods. c. The diseases led Europeans to put major restrictions on their missionary work in the Americas because they worried God would use epidemics to punish them for forcing their views on others. d. Indigenous peoples, including their rulers, suffered immense fatalities due to the diseases and, especially with this loss in leadership, proved less able to defend themselves against the Europeans. e. Because Europeans and indigenous peoples suffered equally from the diseases transferred through the Columbian Exchange, Cortés’s conquest of the city of Tenochtitlán was largely a toss-up. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 32 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Columbian Exchange MSC: Evaluating
Ponce de León was the first European to explore a. Mexico. d. Virginia. b. Florida. e. Canada. c. Arizona.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 33 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish in North America MSC: Understanding

In 1565, the first permanent European town was established in the current-day United States at a. Santa Fe. d. Plymouth. b. St. Augustine. e. San Antonio. c. Jamestown. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 33 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish in North America MSC: Remembering
Why did the Spanish settle St. Augustine? a. As the French and English had proven far more successful during the early colonial period and had nearly driven the Spanish off the continent, the Spanish needed a temporary resting place before returning to Europe. b. Because the Spanish government had forbidden intermarriage between the Spanish settlers and Native Americans, the Spanish needed to build a large settlement to house the great influx of European women who had since arrived. c. Due to their anti-Protestant sentiment as Catholics and their expansionist tendencies, the Spanish wished to stop the efforts of French Huguenots or Protestants to form a colony in northern Florida. d. Due to their eagerness to protect Native Americans along the Gulf Coast from French mistreatment and to train Native Americans in the Spanish military, the Spanish sought to build a fort equipped with sophisticated military technology. e. Due to fear they would lose trade with Native Americans to the English, the Spanish were eager to lay claim to the area and forcefully end English attempts to settle the nearby St. Petersburg area. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 33 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish Empire MSC: Evaluating
The original Spanish settlement of New Mexico a. experienced little missionary activity because Spanish settlers were preoccupied with farming. b. was enriched by the discovery of an abundance gold and silver. c. rarely came into contact with Native Americans because the Spanish killed them all upon their arrival d. was led by Juan de Oñate who forced Native Americans to pay taxes to Spanish authorities. e. relied on hunting rather than crops such as corn because they lacked irrigation networks. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 35 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish in North America MSC: Understanding
By the eighteenth century, mestizos made up a majority of the population in Mexico and New Mexico. Who were they? a. Catholic missionaries and priests who lived among the Aztecs b. Native Americans targeted by the Spanish for being particularly polytheistic c. the wives of conquistadores who made the voyage from Spain d. Spanish and Portuguese ranchers and their families e. the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Page 36 OBJ: 1. TOP: The Spanish in North America MSC: Remembering
What was one major impact of the rise of the mestizo population in Mexico and New Mexico? a. Colonial officials became exceedingly abusive of mestizos and forced them to perform hard labor as servants. b. The culture of the Native Americans here generally grew far more separate from that of the Spanish colonists. c. It became normalized for European women to take on political roles in the colonies because there were generally fewer men. d. Native Americans generally tried to hide their identity as mestizos from the Spanish because it would hurt their legal status. e. The Spanish grew more inclusive toward the Native Americans than would the English in their own

Which European nation fought a war for its independence as part of challenging Spain in the New World? a. England d. the Netherlands b. France e. the Holy Roman Empire c. Portugal ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 40 OBJ: 1. TOP: Challenges to the Spanish Empire MSC: Remembering
The Spanish Armada a. attempted to invade England. b. was a treasure fleet attacked by the English. c. was destroyed by a storm before it left Spain. d. caused Spain to give up New World colonization as a result of its defeat. e. broke English naval power for a century. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 42 OBJ: 1. TOP: Challenges to the Spanish Empire MSC: Applying
Major reasons for the defeat of the Spanish Armada included a. storms in the North Sea and the speed and agility of English warships. b. Elizabeth’s weakness as a ruler and refusal to order her sailors to engage in piracy. c. the incompetence of the Spanish captains and resulting mutiny by Spanish sailors. d. the greater size of the English vessels and the expansiveness of English colonies in the Americas. e. inaccurate Spanish compasses and the fact that the astrolabe had not yet been invented. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 42 OBJ: 1. TOP: Challenges to the Spanish Empire MSC: Understanding
For which country did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt to establish colonies in the New World? a. England d. Spain b. France e. Portugal c. Holland ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 42 OBJ: 1. TOP: English Exploration of America MSC: Remembering
The English attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island resulted in a. a severe blow to Spanish power. b. a permanent English presence in North America. c. a severe blow to English power. d. the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. e. the disappearance of the colonists. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Page 43 OBJ: 1. TOP: English Exploration of America MSC: Remembering ESSAY
Describe the development of Spanish rule over its territory in America. ANS: Answers will vary.
In 1600, which European nation seemed to have the best opportunity at eventually controlling what is now the United States? Why? ANS: Answers will vary.
What factors help explain the vast differences between the various cultures located across North and South America? ANS: Answers will vary.

Explain the various factors of the European Renaissance that prompted and promoted the exploration and settlement of the New World. ANS: Answers will vary.
The title of this chapter is “The Collision of Cultures.” What are the many ways this title can be applied to the events discussed in this chapter? Consider the early relationship between the Old World and New World, religious clashes, strife between European groups, conflicts between Native American groups, and so on. ANS: Answers will vary.
Columbus has become a controversial figure. For what reasons does he deserve praise, and for what reasons does he deserve criticism? ANS: Answers will vary.
Explain the impact of the Protestant Reformation on the settlement of the Western Hemisphere. ANS: Answers will vary.
Describe how the Columbian Exchange affected the Old and New Worlds. Why did Europe come out ahead? ANS: Answers will vary.
Discuss the impact of horses on the Great Plains. Be sure to include short-term as well as long-term consequences. ANS: Answers will vary.
Describe the advances in military technology that gave distinct advantages to Europeans in the conquest of American natives. ANS: Answers will vary. MATCHING Match each description with the item below. a. mimicked the conquest of Mexico and brutally conquered the Inca Empire b. was a preacher in Geneva who deepened and broadened the Protestant Reformation c. was governor of Puerto Rico and in 1513 made the earliest known expedition of Florida d. criticized the widespread sale of indulgences in Germany and taught that “all” are equal before God e. was an interpreter of the Mayan and Nahuatl languages for Cortés and bore a child of his f. led the first French effort to colonize the Americas before civil wars delayed French exploration g. aided the Dutch during the Dutch Revolt and defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 h. explored what is now the southeastern United States in 1539 and destroyed Native American villages i. was the exiled god of wind and sky for whom Cortés was mistaken j. was a renowned warrior and emperor of the Aztecs who was killed amid Spanish conquest
John Calvin
Jacques Cartier
La Malinche
Hernando de Soto
Motezuma II
Quetzalcoatl
Martin Luther
Juan Ponce de León
Elizabeth I

Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures, Quizzes of History

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CHAPTER 1

The Collision of Cultures

CONCEPT MAP

TRUE/FALSE