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The lifespan perspective is a framework that divides human development into two phases: childhood and adolescence, and young adulthood, middle age, and old age. This perspective emphasizes the complexity of adult development and aging, and highlights the multidirectional nature, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation of development. In this document, we explore the lifespan perspective in depth, discussing the phases of development, the forces that shape it, and the different meanings of age.
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Multidirectionality: devel involves both growth and decline; as people grow in one area, they may lose in another and at different rates. Ie. Vocabulary increases while reaction time slows. (text examples) Plasticity: Ones capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete. Many skills can be trained or improved with practice, even in late life. However, there are limits to the degree of potential improvement. Historical context: Each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up. Ie. Living in the 20th century in a Chicano neighborhood in southwest Texas Multiple causation: how people develop results from a wise variety of forces ie. Biological, sociocultural and life-cycle forces. TERM 3
Biological forces: include all genetic and health related factors that affect development. Ie. Menopause, facial wrinkling, changes in major organ systems. Psychological forces: include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality factors that affect development. Collectively, they provide the characteristics we notice about people that make them individuals. Sociocultural factors: include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. These forces provide the overall contexts in which we develop. Life-cycle forces: reflect differences in how the same event or combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural forces affect people at diff points in their lives. Life-cycle forces provide the context for the devel differences of interest in adult devel and aging. TERM 5
Normative age-graded influences: experiences caused by biological, psychological and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a particular age. (puberty, menarche, menopause, a middle-aged persons concern with socializing the younger generation, the age of retirement) Normative history- graded influences: events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time. May be biological (epidemics), psychological (particular stereotypes) or sociocultural (changing attitudes towards sexuality). These influences often give a generation its unique identity. Nonnormative influences: random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people. (winning the lottery, an accident, a layoff). The unpredictability of these events makes them unique.
Chronological age: a shorthand way to index time and organize events and data by using a commonly understood standard: calendar time. Perceived age refers to the age you think of yourself as. Biological age refers to where people are relative to the max number of years they could possible live. Assessed by measuring the functioning of the various vital, or life-limiting, organ systems ie. Cardiovascular system. Psychological age: the functional level of the psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands. These abilities include memory, intelligence, feelings, motivation, etc. Sociocultural age: the specific set of roles individuals adopt in relation to other members of the society and culture to which they belong. Judged on the basis of many behaviors and habits, ie style of dress, customs, language, interpersonal style. TERM 8