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Wundt
aimed at answering questions about human conditions with
experiments
TERM 2
Titchener
DEFINITION 2
Structuralism-Elements of unconsciousness or the "content of
the mind"
TERM 3
James
DEFINITION 3
Functionalism-Role or function of psychological processes in
helping individuals adapt to their environment.
TERM 4
Psychodynamic
DEFINITION 4
Freud *behavior reflects interplay between thoughts,
feelings, wishes *some are unconscious *processes may
conflict with each other --Therapist interpret motives, and
unearth unconscious processes --Falsifiability criterion-theory
cannot be tested and proven incorrect
TERM 5
Behaviorist
DEFINITION 5
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner *Controlled by objects and events in
the environment *Thoughts and feelings NOT involved
Cognitive
way people perceive, process and retrieve info (memory and
decision making) -Info processing-how we take input from
environment and transform it into meaningful output
TERM 7
Evolutionary
DEFINITION 7
Darwin -behavior must be understood in terms of
evolutionary and adaptive significance -nature vs. nurture
TERM 8
Variable
DEFINITION 8
phenomenon that changes across situations or varies among
individuals
TERM 9
Continuous Variable
DEFINITION 9
ranges from high to low (GPA)
TERM 10
Categorical Variable
DEFINITION 10
groupings or classifications --Male/Female, Yes/No
Predictive
measure predicts performance or scores future measures
TERM 17
multi-modal assessment
DEFINITION 17
using multiple measures of a construct
TERM 18
Experimental
Research
DEFINITION 18
research method that can establish causation
TERM 19
Independent Variable
DEFINITION 19
variable that the experiment manipulates (the conditions)
TERM 20
Dependent Variable
DEFINITION 20
variable examined to see how/if its influenced by the
independent
Condition
experimental--study group being tested -control--study group
that receives neutral treatment
TERM 22
Confounding Variable
DEFINITION 22
variable that interferes with relationship of IV and DV--timing,
external, characteristics
TERM 23
Inferential Stats
DEFINITION 23
Analyses that determine whether hypothesis is correct (hope
for possibility of .05 or less)
TERM 24
Correlational
Research
DEFINITION 24
research that assesses the degree to which two variables are
related
TERM 25
Correlational Coefficient
DEFINITION 25
index of extent to which 2 variables are related
Axon
extension from cell body of neuron- electrical impulses pass
myelin sheath-lipid protective coating of axons involved in
diseases such as MS
TERM 32
Terminal Button
DEFINITION 32
end of axon sends signals from neuron to adjacent cells
(contains neurotransmitters - NT)
TERM 33
Synapses
DEFINITION 33
space between neurons NTs pass/communicate with other
neurons
TERM 34
Resting Potential
DEFINITION 34
neuron at rest, not firing, negatively charged
TERM 35
Graded potential
DEFINITION 35
neuron stimulated by another causing voltage changes down
the axon
action potential
voltage changes-lead to positive charge-causes neuron to
fire -causes NT to release into "synaptic cleft" in between
neurons
TERM 37
Excitatory
DEFINITION 37
makes another action potential/firing likely
TERM 38
Inhibitory
DEFINITION 38
reduces likelihood of another cycle
TERM 39
Glutamate
DEFINITION 39
excitatory NT involves in widespread activity (MSG, Learning)
TERM 40
GABA
DEFINITION 40
Inhibitory NT -involved in anxiety regulation slows things
down
Thyroid
located in neck -growth, metabolism, energy levels, mood --
hypothyroidism-underactive
TERM 47
Adrenal
DEFINITION 47
above kidneys -secretes adrenaline during emergencies
TERM 48
Gonads
DEFINITION 48
testicles/ovaries -release testosterone/estrogen
TERM 49
Somatic NS
DEFINITION 49
delivers sensory info to CNS--receptors throughout body -
carry out motor commands of CNS (fire alarm)
TERM 50
Automatic NS
DEFINITION 50
conveys info between CNS and bodily structures that carry
out life processes
Parasympathetic
Controls "normal" bodily activity
TERM 52
Sympathetic
DEFINITION 52
activated in response to threats fight/flight
TERM 53
CT scan
DEFINITION 53
produces x-rays that show abnoralities (tumors)
TERM 54
MRI
DEFINITION 54
imaging without x-rays (scans for lesions)
TERM 55
PET
DEFINITION 55
inject radioactive glucose into bloodstream -cells "light up"
on scan showing the active area
Tectum (Midbrain)
vision and hearing in conjunction with higher brain structures
TERM 62
Tegmentum (Midbrain)
DEFINITION 62
movement and arousal -site of dopamine producing neurons
TERM 63
Hypothalamus (Subcorticol Forebrain)
DEFINITION 63
regulates behavior -eating, sleeping, sexual activity -link
between NS and endocrine system
TERM 64
Thalamus (subcorticol Forebrain)
DEFINITION 64
relay station for sensory info
TERM 65
Amygdala (Limbic System)
DEFINITION 65
emotional processes -learning and remembering emotionally
significant events -recognizing emotion in others -fear
Hippocampus (Limbic System)
brain that stores new memories for later retrieval
TERM 67
Basal Ganglia (Limbic System)
DEFINITION 67
movement, spontaneous judgements
TERM 68
Cerebral Cortex - Primary
Areas
DEFINITION 68
receive sensory input and control motor movements
TERM 69
Cerebral Cortex-Association
Areas
DEFINITION 69
put together ideas, perceptions, plans
TERM 70
Corpus Collosum
DEFINITION 70
band of neural fivers that connects two hemispheres of the
brain
Right Hemisphere
perceptual skills, spatial orientation, recognition
TERM 77
Sensation
DEFINITION 77
process by which organs gather info about the environment
and transmit it to the brain for initial processing
TERM 78
perception
DEFINITION 78
brain selects, organizes and interprets sensations
TERM 79
skin senses (role)
DEFINITION 79
protect body aid in identification maintain body temp social
interactions
TERM 80
Touch
DEFINITION 80
-skin receptors specialized for pressure and temp -stimulation
occurs across receptors -sensory info can be misinterpreted
(neuropathy) -after sensory neurons react, motor neurons
respond with rapid reflex actions if necessary
Information Flow (touch)
Sensory Neurons--spinal cord--medulla--thalamus--parietal
lobe
TERM 82
Phantom Limbs
DEFINITION 82
reorganization of sensory systems sensations from missing
limbs
TERM 83
Pressure
DEFINITION 83
Fingers and face are most sensitive, back and legs are least -
great deal of space in brain is devoted to hands
TERM 84
Temperature
DEFINITION 84
-difference between skin temp and temp of an object -cold
and warm receptors ---cold also detect extreme temps
TERM 85
Experience Pain (contributing factors)
DEFINITION 85
beliefs, expectations, emotional state, cultural norms
Perceptual "set"
expectations that make certain interpretations more likely
Context: situational cues that guide perception Schemas:
patterns of enduring beliefs and expectations
