(Chamberlain) NR-293 Pharmacology Comprehensive Final Exam Guide Q & S 2024, Exams of Nursing

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NR- 293

Pharmacology

Comprehensive Final Exam

Guide

Q & S

1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following drugs is considered a first-line treatment for heart failure? A. Captopril B. Atenolol C. Digoxin D. Furosemide Correct Answer : A. Captopril Rationale: Captopril is an ACE inhibitor, which is commonly used as a first-line treatment for heart failure due to its ability to decrease blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
2. True/False: Beta-blockers are primarily used for their positive inotropic effects. Answer : False Rationale: Beta-blockers are used for their negative inotropic effects, which decrease the heart's oxygen demand by slowing down the heart rate and reducing contractility.
3. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the pharmacological class that includes drugs like warfarin and heparin, which are used to prevent blood clots. Answer : Anticoagulants Rationale: Anticoagulants are a class of drugs that work by interrupting the process of blood clot formation, and are essential in the prevention of thrombosis.

7. Multiple Choice: Select the drug that acts as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI): A. Ranitidine B. Omeprazole C. Cimetidine D. Famotidine Correct Answer : B. Omeprazole Rationale: Omeprazole is a PPI that reduces stomach acid production by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid.
8. True/False: Dopamine agonists are commonly used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Answer : True Rationale: Dopamine agonists mimic the role of dopamine in the brain, which is beneficial in treating Parkinson's disease symptoms.
9. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ class of antibiotics is known for its effectiveness against a broad range of bacterial infections. Answer : Broad-spectrum Rationale: Broad-spectrum antibiotics are capable of acting against a wide variety of disease-causing bacteria.
10. Multiple Choice: Which antiviral drug is used as a first-line treatment for influenza?

A. Acyclovir B. Ribavirin C. Oseltamivir D. Zanamivir Correct Answer : C. Oseltamivir Rationale: Oseltamivir is recommended as a first-line treatment for influenza due to its ability to inhibit the neuraminidase enzyme, which is critical for the viral replication of influenza.

11. True/False: Insulin therapy is used in the management of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Answer : True Rationale: Insulin therapy is essential for the management of type 1 diabetes and can also be used for type 2 diabetes when other medications are insufficient.
12. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is a medication used to treat hyperlipidemia by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Answer : Statins Rationale: Statins are a class of drugs that reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.
13. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a side effect of chemotherapy?

Which phase of drug metabolism involves the conversion of lipophilic drugs into more water-soluble compounds for elimination? A. Phase I B. Phase II C. Phase III D. Phase IV Correct Answer : B. Phase II Rationale: Phase II metabolism involves conjugation reactions that make drugs more water-soluble and facilitate their excretion. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions: The process by which a drug is transported from its site of administration into the bloodstream is known as _. Correct Answer : Absorption Rationale: Absorption refers to the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the systemic circulation.

The term used to describe the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by half is called _. Correct Answer : Half-life Rationale: The half-life of a drug is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that influences dosing intervals and duration of action. True/False Questions: True or False: Pharmacokinetics deals with how the body affects the drug. Correct Answer : True Rationale: Pharmacokinetics focuses on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion within the body. True or False: Drug-drug interactions can only occur when two medications are taken simultaneously. Correct Answer : False

Rationale: The liver is the main site of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for drug metabolism.

3. Which of the following is considered a prodrug? A. Morphine B. Codeine C. Penicillin D. Aspirin ** Answer : B. Codeine** Rationale: Codeine is a prodrug that is metabolized into morphine to exert its analgesic effect.
4. Which receptor type does the drug lorazepam primarily act upon? A. Dopamine receptors B. GABA receptors C. Serotonin receptors D. Acetylcholine receptors ** Answer : B. GABA receptors** Rationale: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine that enhances the effect of GABA at the GABA receptors.
5. Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with the use of opioid medications?

A. Hypertension B. Diarrhea C. Constipation D. Tachycardia ** Answer : C. Constipation** Rationale: Constipation is a common side effect due to opioids' action on the enteric nervous system.

6. What is the primary purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring? A. To increase the cost of healthcare B. To ensure compliance with medication C. To maintain drug levels within the therapeutic range D. To provide patient education ** Answer : C. To maintain drug levels within the therapeutic range** Rationale: Therapeutic drug monitoring helps to ensure that drug levels remain within a range that is both effective and non-toxic.
7. What is the term for the phenomenon when a drug causes an increased number of receptors to desensitize or down-regulate? A. Up-regulation B. Tolerance C. Potentiation

10. Which class of antihypertensive drugs should be avoided in pregnancy due to the potential teratogenic effects? A. Beta-blockers B. ACE inhibitors C. Calcium channel blockers D. Diuretics ** Answer : B. ACE inhibitors** Rationale: ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy due to their teratogenic effects.

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

11. The therapeutic ___________ is the range of plasma drug concentrations that produce the desired effect without causing toxicity. ** Answer : index** Rationale: The therapeutic index is a measure of the safety and efficacy of a drug.
12. __________ drugs require a higher dose to achieve the same effect as when initially administered due to increased metabolism over time. ** Answer : Tolerant**

Rationale: Tolerance results in the necessity of higher doses to achieve initial drug effects.

13. The major site for drug excretion in the body is the ____________. ** Answer : kidney** Rationale: The kidneys are primarily responsible for excreting drugs and their metabolites.
14. __________ is the study of drug movement throughout the body. ** Answer : Pharmacokinetics** Rationale: Pharmacokinetics involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
15. The enzyme ____________ is responsible for metabolizing many drugs, and its induction or inhibition can alter drug levels. ** Answer : Cytochrome P450** Rationale: The cytochrome P450 family of enzymes plays a key role in drug metabolism.
16. __________ is the phenomenon where a drug increases the activity of enzymes that metabolize other drugs. ** Answer : Enzyme induction**

Rationale: The dose-response curve helps in understanding the effect of different doses of a drug.

True/False Questions

21. First-pass metabolism reduces the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. ** Answer : True** Rationale: First-pass metabolism occurs when the drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
22. Protein binding of a drug does not influence its distribution in the body. ** Answer : False** Rationale: Protein binding affects the distribution and availability of a drug for tissues and receptors.
23. Pharmacodynamics refers to how the body affects a drug, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. ** Answer : False** Rationale: Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects the body. Pharmacokinetics refers to the body’s effect on the drug.

24. Grapefruit juice can inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs by affecting cytochrome P450 enzymes. ** Answer : True** Rationale: Grapefruit juice is known to inhibit cytochrome P enzymes, affecting drug metabolism.
25. A single nucleotide polymorphism in a gene coding for an enzyme can affect an individual's response to a drug. ** Answer : True** Rationale: Genetic differences can result in variations in enzyme activity, influencing drug response.
26. The blood-brain barrier allows all classes of drugs to pass freely into the central nervous system. ** Answer : False** Rationale: The blood-brain barrier is selective, allowing only certain drugs to pass into the CNS.
27. Additive effects occur when two drugs with similar actions produce a stronger effect together than either do alone. ** Answer : True** Rationale: Additive effects result from the combined effects of two drugs with similar pharmacological actions.

32. Therapeutic drug monitoring is unnecessary for drugs with a wide therapeutic index. ** Answer : False** Rationale: Although less critical, monitoring may still be needed to ensure efficacy and safety even for drugs with a wide therapeutic index.
33. Bioequivalence means that two drug formulations release their active ingredient into the bloodstream at the same rate and extent. ** Answer : True** Rationale: Bioequivalence indicates that two formulations have similar availability and pharmacokinetic properties.
34. A placebo effect occurs when a patient experiences a therapeutic benefit from an inert substance. ** Answer : True** Rationale: The placebo effect results from a patient's belief in the treatment rather than the treatment itself.
35. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for its plasma concentration to reduce by half. ** Answer : True** Rationale: The half-life measures how long it takes for the drug concentration to decrease by 50% in the plasma.

36. Synergism refers to an effect where combined drugs produce less than the sum of their individual effects. ** Answer : False** Rationale: Synergism occurs when the combined effect of drugs is greater than the sum of individual effects.
37. A drug's efficacy is determined by its ability to bind to a receptor. ** Answer : False** Rationale: Efficacy is about the maximal effect a drug can produce, while affinity pertains to binding ability.
38. Enteric-coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the acidic conditions of the stomach. ** Answer : False** Rationale: Enteric-coated tablets are intended to dissolve in the more alkaline environment of the intestines.