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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring. TERM 2
Chromosome
DEFINITION 2 A single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. They are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells. TERM 3
Nucleotides
DEFINITION 3 The building blocks of DNA. Each one consistsof a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. The sequence of ______ (A-C-G-T) along a DNA strand is unique to each person. TERM 4
Double Helix
DEFINITION 4 Thespiralstructure formed by twostrandsof DNA nucleotides bound together. TERM 5
DNA Profile
DEFINITION 5 A visualrepresentationof a person's unique DNA sequence.
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that "reads" thesequenceof a DNA strand and helps to add complementary nucleotides to form a new strand during DNA replication. TERM 7
Semi-Conservative
DEFINITION 7 DNA replication is said to be semi-conservative because each newly made DNA molecule has one original and one new strand of DNA. TERM 8
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
DEFINITION 8 A laboratorytechniqueused to replicate, and thus amplify, aspecificDNA segment. TERM 9
DNA Replication
DEFINITION 9 The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule. TERM 10
Complementary
DEFINITION 10 Two strands of DNA are said to be complementary in that A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.
Transgenic
Refers to an organism that carries one or more genes from a different species. TERM 17
Protein
DEFINITION 17 A macromolecule made up of repeating subunits known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein. Proteins play many critical roles in living organisms. TERM 18
Amino Acids
DEFINITION 18 The building blocks of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids. TERM 19
Gene
DEFINITION 19 A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein. TERM 20
Gene expression
DEFINITION 20 The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins.
Genotype
The genetic make-up of an organism. TERM 22
Phenotype
DEFINITION 22 The physical attributes of an organism, including both observable and internal or non-observable traits. TERM 23
Alleles
DEFINITION 23 Alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences. TERM 24
Regulatory Sequence
DEFINITION 24 The part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced. TERM 25
Coding Sequence
DEFINITION 25 The part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Coding sequences determine the identity, shape, and function of the proteins.
RNA Polymerase
The enzyme that accomplishes transcription. It copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA. TERM 32
Ribosome
DEFINITION 32 The cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation. TERM 33
Codon
DEFINITION 33 A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid. TERM 34
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
DEFINITION 34 A type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation. TERM 35
Anticodon
DEFINITION 35 The part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon.
Genetic Code
The particular amino acids specified by particular mRNA codons. TERM 37
Cancer
DEFINITION 37 A disease of unregulated cell division; cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some cases forming a tumor. TERM 38
Chemotherapy
DEFINITION 38 The treatment of disease, specifically cancer, by use of chemicals. TERM 39
Cell Division
DEFINITION 39 The process by which a cell reproduces itself; cell division is important for normal growth, development, and repair of an organism. TERM 40
Cell Cycle
DEFINITION 40 A ordered sequence of stages that a cell progresses though in order to divide during its life; the stages includes preparatory phases (G1, S, G2) and division phases (mitosis and cytokinesis).
Prometaphase
Phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells. TERM 47
Metaphase
DEFINITION 47 Stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed and highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. TERM 48
Anaphase
DEFINITION 48 Stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. TERM 49
Telophase
DEFINITION 49 Final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.Spindle fibers disassemble.Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, forming the daughter cell nuclei. TERM 50
Cell Cycle Checkpoint
DEFINITION 50 A cellular mechanism that ensures that each stage of the cell cycles is completed accurately.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death; often referred to as cellular suicide. TERM 52
Metastasis
DEFINITION 52 The spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another. TERM 53
Radiation Therapy
DEFINITION 53 The use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer. TERM 54
Mutation
DEFINITION 54 A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. TERM 55
Mutagen
DEFINITION 55 Any chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its nucleotide sequence.
Homologous Chromosomes
The two copies of each chromosome in a diploid cell. One chromosome in the pair is inherited from the mother, the other is from the father. TERM 62
Gametes
DEFINITION 62 Specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome (they are haploid). Sperm are male, eggs are female. TERM 63
Haploid
DEFINITION 63 Having only one copy of every chromosome. TERM 64
Meiosis
DEFINITION 64 A specialized type of cell division that generates genetically unique haploid gametes. TERM 65
Zygote
DEFINITION 65 A cell that is capable of developing into an adult organsim. It is formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.
Embryo
An early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure. TERM 67
Recombination
DEFINITION 67 The stage of meiosis in which maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments. TERM 68
Independent Assortment
DEFINITION 68 The principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis. TERM 69
Punnett Square
DEFINITION 69 A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. TERM 70
Carrier
DEFINITION 70 An individual who is heterozygous for a particular gene of interest and therefore can pass on the recessive allele without showing any of its effects.
Sex Chromosomes
Paired chromosomes that differ between males and females, XX in females, XY in males. TERM 77
Y Chromosome
DEFINITION 77 One of the two sex chromosomes in humans. Signals male developmental pathways during fetal development TERM 78
X Chromosome
DEFINITION 78 One of the two sex chromosomes in humans. TERM 79
X-Linked Trait
DEFINITION 79 A phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome. TERM 80
Incomplete Dominance
DEFINITION 80 A form of inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
Codominance
A form of inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype. TERM 82
Polygenic Trait
DEFINITION 82 A trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction among alleles of more than one gene. TERM 83
Multifactorial Inheritance
DEFINITION 83 An interaction between genes and the environment that contributes to a phenotype or trait. TERM 84
Aneuploidy
DEFINITION 84 An abnormal number of one or more chromosomes (either extra of missing copies) TERM 85
Nondisjunction
DEFINITION 85 Failure of chromosomes to separate accurately during cell division; In meiosis, it leads to aneuploid gametes.
