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Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation in Cells, Quizzes of Biology

Stockton UniversityBiology

Definitions and terms related to gene expression, specifically focusing on transcription and translation processes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Topics include the role of rna polymerase, promoters, transcription units, primary transcript processing, the triplet code, codons, start and stop codons, and the function of ribosomes and transfer rna (trna) in protein synthesis. Additionally, the document covers differences between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription and the concept of rna splicing.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 04/20/2010

nfe522
nfe522 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Gene Expression
DEFINITION 1
DNA-directed synthesis of proteins (or just RNAs)
TERM 2
2 Stages of Gene Expression
DEFINITION 2
1. Transcription 2. Translation
TERM 3
Transcription
DEFINITION 3
Synthesis of RN (directed by DNA) - Transfer info from DNA
to mRNA
TERM 4
messenger RNA (mRNA)
DEFINITION 4
- Template (like DNA replication) that codes for RNA
sequence
TERM 5
Translation
DEFINITION 5
Ribosomes change mRNA into polypeptides (protein) (linking
amino acids together in a specific sequence)
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Gene Expression

DNA-directed synthesis of proteins (or just RNAs)

TERM 2

2 Stages of Gene Expression

DEFINITION 2

1. Transcription 2. Translation

TERM 3

Transcription

DEFINITION 3

Synthesis of RN (directed by DNA) - Transfer info from DNA

to mRNA

TERM 4

messenger RNA (mRNA)

DEFINITION 4

- Template (like DNA replication) that codes for RNA

sequence

TERM 5

Translation

DEFINITION 5

Ribosomes change mRNA into polypeptides (protein) (linking

amino acids together in a specific sequence)

Bacterial Transcription

- No nuclear envelope (because they are prokaryotes) so

ribosomes can be right beside DNA. - mRNA can be

translated immediately even while transcription is still

occuring.

TERM 7

Eukaryotic Transcription

DEFINITION 7

- Nulear envelope separates DNA from ribosomes. - Before

leaving nucleus, primary transcript is processed.

TERM 8

Primary Transcript

DEFINITION 8

pre-mRNA is processed into mRNA that ribosomes use.

TERM 9

Triplet Code

DEFINITION 9

- 3 base sequences code for amino acids

TERM 10

Codon

DEFINITION 10

- 3 cases in mRNA that determine which amino acid is

present. - mRNA base triplet

RNA Polymerase

Separates strands of DNA and adds the RNA nucleotides (5'

to 3') (No primer needed)

TERM 17

Promoter

DEFINITION 17

DNA sequence where transcription starts

TERM 18

Transcription Unit

DEFINITION 18

DNA that codes for RNA

TERM 19

Teminator

DEFINITION 19

DNA sequence where transcription stops.

TERM 20

Termination in

Bacteria

DEFINITION 20

Terminator causes RNA transcript to detach

Termination in Eukaryotes

Polyadenylation sequence in DNA codes for polyadenylation

signal (AAUAA) in pre-mRNA. - 10 to 35 nucleotides

downstream, pre-mRNA cut free. - pre-mRNA modified

TERM 22

pre-mRNA Modification - 5' end - 3'

end

DEFINITION 22

- 5' = modified guanine cap (5' cap) - 3' = 50 to 250 A

nucleotides (poly-A-tail)

TERM 23

Untranslated Regions (UTRs)

DEFINITION 23

Have other functions such as ribosome binding

TERM 24

RNA Splicing

DEFINITION 24

- Most eukaryotic genes have long non-coding regions. -

Extrons - Expressed - Introns - Removed

TERM 25

Spliceosome

DEFINITION 25

SnRNPs + other proteins - Cut out introns

In Eukaryotes, the subunits are assembled in

the ________. (subunits = parts of ribosomes)

Nucleolus

TERM 32

Wobble

DEFINITION 32

The 3rd base can differ (and even if it is wrong, it might still

bond)

TERM 33

3 stages of

Translation

DEFINITION 33

1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

TERM 34

Translation Initiation

Complex

DEFINITION 34

- Requires energy (GTP --> GDP) - A small ribosomal subunit

bonds to a molecule of mRNA. tRNA attaches.

TERM 35

Elongation

DEFINITION 35

1. Bond formed (codon recognition) 2. Peptide formed 3.

Translocation - Endergonic (requires energy)

Termination

Adds amino acids until it gets to a stop codon. - Release

factor

TERM 37

Release

Factor

DEFINITION 37

Causes water to be added instead of another amino acid.

TERM 38

Polyribosomes

DEFINITION 38

More than 1 ribosome translate an mRNA simultaneously

TERM 39

Chaperonins

DEFINITION 39

Provide a safe microenvironment for proteins so that they

can fold correctly

TERM 40

Quaternary Structure

DEFINITION 40

Multiple polypeptides join together

Base-Pair Substitution

Replacement of one base pair with another base pair.

TERM 47

Silent mutations

DEFINITION 47

Have no effect on the protein

TERM 48

Missense Mutations

DEFINITION 48

Change one amino acid to another - Can have no effects up

to catastrophic effects

TERM 49

Nonsense Mutations

DEFINITION 49

Becomes a stop codon - Causes the polypeptide to terminate

prematurely

TERM 50

Spontaneous Mutations

DEFINITION 50

Inaccurate DNA replication or recombination

Frequency of Spontaneous Mutations

1 in 10^10 nucleotides

TERM 52

Mutagens

DEFINITION 52

Physical and chamical agents that cause mutation -

Radiation - Chemicals

TERM 53

Genes are _____.

DEFINITION 53

Universal

TERM 54

Arahaea are similat to _____ in some ways,

and similar to ____ in others.

DEFINITION 54

Bacteria Eukaryotes