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The concept of thermoregulation, the body's response to maintain a normal temperature. It covers the diurnal fluctuations of body temperature, contributing factors to heat gain and loss, the thermal balance equation, core temperature during physical activity, consequences of dehydration, and factors affecting sweat-loss dehydration. The document also discusses water replacement and rehydration, acclimatization, and thermoregulatory differences in various populations.
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Normal body temperature fluctuates several degrees during the day in response to physical activity, emotions, and ambient temperature variations.Body temperature exhibits diurnal fluctuations: Lowest temperatures occur during sleep. Slightly higher temperatures persist awake. TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 98.6F (37C). TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 +M-E+/-TR+/-CD+/CV+SRWhere:M = MetabolismE = EvaporationTR = Thermal RadiationCD = ConductionCV = ConvectionSR = Solar Radiation TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 Heat generated by active muscles increase core temp to fever levels that incapacitate a person if caused by external heat stress alone. Increased core temp with PA does not reflect heat dissipation failure. Modest core temperature increase reflects favorable internal adjustments that create optimal thermal conditions for physiologic and metabolic function TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 Can impede heat dissipation and compromise CV function and performanceAverage water loss per hour from sweating at various air temp during rest and light and moderate PA
For acclimatized person, sweat loss peaks at 3 Lh1 during intense PA in heat and averages nearly 12 L/d. Intense sweating for several hr induces sweat gland fatigue that impairs core temp regulation. Hot, humid environ impede effectiveness of evaporative cooling and promotes large fluid losses TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 Any dehydration impairs physiologic function and thermoregulation.Plasma volume decreases as dehydration progresses: Peripheral blood flow and sweating rate decrease to make thermoregulation more difficult. Premature fatigue occurs from reduced plasma volume that increases HR, RPE, core temp. Loss of plasma volume produces two effects: Initiates increases in systemic vascular resistance Reduces skin blood flow TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 PA intensityPA durationEnvironmental tempSolar loadWind speedRelative humidityClothingWater Requirements (LH1) for rest and varying intensities of PA in the heat; indoors and outdoors at diverse temperatures and RH. TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 Adequate fluid replacement sustains evaporative cooling of acclimatized humans. Proper scheduling of fluid replacement maintains plasma volume for optimal circulation and sweating progress. Well-hydrated athletes always function at a higher physiologic and performance level than dehydrated athletes. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 Repeated heat exposure with PA improves capacity for PA with less discomfort; optimal acclimatization requires adequate hydration.
Prepubescent children show lower sweating rate and higher core temperature during heat stress.Children take longer to heat acclimatize.Children exposed to environmental heat stress should exercise at a reduced intensity and receive additional time to acclimatize. TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 Women and men equally tolerate physiologic and thermal stress of PA when matched for fitness and acclimatization levels. Gender differences occur for four thermoregulatory mechanisms: Sweating Evaporative versus circulatory cooling Body surface area-to-mass ratio Menstruation TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 Excess body fat negatively impacts performance in hot environments. Fats specific heat exceeds that of muscle tissue to insulate the bodys shell to retard peripheral heat conduction. Large overfat persons possess a smaller body surface area-to- mass ratio for sweat evaporation compared with leaner, smaller persons. Excess body fat directly adds to energy expended in weight- bearing activities. TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 Human exposure to extreme cold produces considerable physiologic and psychologic challenges.Cold ranks high among the differing terrestrial environmental stressors for its potentially lethal consequences. Body loses heat 2 to 4 faster in cool water compared with air at the same temperature. Metabolic heat generated by muscular activity contributes to thermoregulation during cold stress. Individual differences in body fat content significantly effects physiologic function in a cold environment during rest and PA. TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 Chronic exertional fatigue Sleep loss Inadequate nourishment Reduced tissue insulation Depressed shivering heat production
Humans adapt more poorly to chronic cold exposure than heat exposure. Increased heat production does not accompany body heat loss; individuals regulate at a lower core temperature in the cold. Repeated cold exposure of hands or feet brings about blood flow increases through these anatomic regions during cold stress. TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 Tingling and numbness in fingers and toes Burning sensation in nose and ears Disregarding signs of overexposure leads to frostbite