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CFEI Study Guide Latest Update
Graded A+
Evidence - Demonstrative ✔✔Tangible items; see, touch, smell, hear.
Evidence - Documentary ✔✔Written form; business records, banking, calendars, phone records, fire reports, etc...
Evidence - Testimonial ✔✔Competent live witness speaking under oath; two types; fact and expert
Evidence - illustrative ✔✔Photos, sketches, maps, diagrams. Modes are frequently used at trial.
Evidence - illustravtive ✔✔Photos and Videos; what, why, how, when
Evidence collection ✔✔Document in place, document the collection, use proper container, (flag, bag, & tag)
Evidence - collection ✔✔Fuel gas powered tools outside the perimeter. Find out where tools were refuels.
Heat transfer ✔✔Conduction, convection, radiation
Interviews ✔✔Purpose of the interview; prepare for the interview, document the interview
Vehicle Fires ✔✔Sparks from an aluminum wheel are not a competent ignition source.
Vehicle Fires ✔✔The most common source of an open flame in a vehicle is an exhaust system backfire out of a carburetor.
Vehicle Fires ✔✔Carburetor backfire leaves a distinct pattern on the hood.
Vehicle Fires ✔✔Two basic fuel systems: vacuum/low pressure carbureted system, and high- pressure, fuel injected system.
Explosions ✔✔Dust explosions: most often occur in confined areas of relatively wide dispersal.
Explosions ✔✔Search 1.5 times further than the farthest piece of debris.
Fire effects/ fire patterns ✔✔Char shrinks as it forms. More reliable for evaluating fire spread, deduce the direction based on depth, large shiny blisters (alligatoring) is not evidence of the use of an accelerant.
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Spalling: loss of surface material due to cracking, breaking, chipping, breakdown in surface tensile strength, moisture present in the concrete, may appear lighter in color.
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Crazed glass: caused by rapid cooling.
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Light bulbs 25W or more "pull" (gases expand and bubble out); 25W or less contain a vacuum and can pull in.
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Annealing (softening) of springs may provide clues concerning direction, duration, and intensity.
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Saddle burns - A U-shaped burn pattern found on the top of floor joists, caused by fire burning down through the floor. Often, a saddle burn is caused by a burning liquid on the floor or radiant heat from a material close to the floor. Saddle burns display deep charring.
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Inverted cone burns are indicative of the vertical flame plume not reaching the ceiling, short-lived fires with a low HRR
Fire effects/fire patterns ✔✔Melting Temperatures: Copper 1981F; Aluminum 1220F; Steel 2760*F
Heat Sources ✔✔Mechanical: converted to heat when two materials rub against each other and create friction.
Chemical: chemical reaction; exothermic and endothermic.
Electrical: Converted to heat energy; flowing through a conductor.
Electrical ✔✔9.2.2.3: the rate of charge flow is called electrical current, and current is measured in amperes.
Electrical ✔✔9.2.6.1: power - the rate at which energy is used.
Electrical ✔✔9.3.3: the cables of a service drop go into a weather-head, which is designed to keep water from entering the system, and then down a service raceway to a meter base.
Electrical ✔✔9.6.2.1: fuses are basically non-mechanical devices with a fusible element in a small enclosure.
Electrical ✔✔9.6.3.1: a circuit breaker is a switch that opens either automatically with over- current or manually by pushing a handle.
Electrical ✔✔9.7: Branch Circuits: the individual circuits that feed lighting, receptacles, and various appliances are the branch circuits.
Electrical ✔✔9.9.4.1: Arc: is a high temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation.
Electrical ✔✔9.10.3: Arcing through a carbonized path due to thermal means (arcing through char), insulation on conductors, when exposed to direct flame or radiant heat, may be charred before being melted. That char is conductive enough to allow sporadic arcing through the char.
Fatalities ✔✔Charred bones are an indication of fire intensity and duration
Fatalities ✔✔The Pugilistic posture is as a result of the muscle dehydrating and shrinking, shrinkage causes flexion
Fatalities ✔✔Humans do not spontaneously combust
Miscellaneous ✔✔Hire a FPE to examine a flow valve, EE for a toaster, Mechanical Engineer for a furnace and a metallurgist for metal issues
Miscellaneous ✔✔Do not put field notes in the investigative report
Miscellaneous ✔✔Polyethylene chair has a higher HRR than a pool of gasoline or a Christmas tree
Miscellaneous ✔✔Oxidation is the basic chemical reaction associated with combustion
Miscellaneous ✔✔Add more oxygen and expect color change and change of texture
Thermal Inertia ✔✔Thermal conductivity(k), density(p), heat capacity (c)
Latent heat of vaporization ✔✔The heat absorbed when a substance changes phase from a liquid to a gas. No change in chemical structure of the material
Flameover ✔✔Unburned fuel from the originating fire accumulates in the ceiling layer to sufficient concentration that it ignites
Flashover ✔✔A transition phase in the development of a compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously
Backdraft ✔✔A deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion
Boiling Point ✔✔Temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
Burning Point ✔✔The lowest temperature at which a volatile oil in an open vessel will continue to burn when ignited by a flame held close to its surface; used to test safety of kerosene and other illuminating oils.
Clean Burn ✔✔A distinct and visible fire effect generally apparent on non-combustible surfaces after combustible layers (soot, paper, paint)have burned away
Combustion ✔✔A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame
Calcination ✔✔A fire effect realized in gypsum products, including wallboard, as a result of exposure to heat that drives off free and chemically bound water
Fire ✔✔A rapid oxidation process, which is a chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities
Melting Point ✔✔Phase change; the material changes from a solid to a liquid with no change in the chemical structure of the material (melting candle wax)
Pyrolysis ✔✔A process in which material is decomposed, or broken down, into simpler molecular compounds by the effects of heat alone; pyrolysis often precedes combustion
Specific Gravity (Vapor Density) ✔✔The ratio of the average molecular weight of a gas or vapor to the average molecular weight of air
Specific Gravity ✔✔The ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water at a temperature of 4*C
Combustible Liquid ✔✔Flash Point @ or above 100°F
Flammable Liquid ✔✔Flash Point less than 100°F
Ignitable Liquid ✔✔Both combustible and flammable liquids are ignitable liquids.
Flash Point ✔✔Momentary Flame; the lowest temperature at which vapors will ignite. Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source. At the flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the ignition source is removed.
Accelerant ✔✔Can be any material to spread fire; usually gasoline.
Origin Determination ✔✔1. Witness Information
- Fire Patterns
- Arc Mapping
- Fire Dynamics
Ceiling Jet ✔✔Obstruction to plume at ceiling level creates ceiling jets.
Thermal Inertia ✔✔The degree of slowness with which the temperature of a body approaches that of its surroundings and which is dependent upon its absorptivity, its specific heat, its thermal conductivity, its dimensions, and other factors
Pre-Flashover conditions ✔✔In pre-flashover conditions, the primary heat transfer mechanism for fire spread through a compartment is conduction.
Conduction Heat Transfer ✔✔Conduction is the form of heat transfer that takes place within solids when one portion of an object is heated. Energy is transferred from the heated area to the unheated area at a rate dependent on the difference in temperature and the physical properties of the material.
Convection Heat Transfer ✔✔Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated liquids or gases from the source of heat to a cooler part of the environment.
Heat is transferred by convection to a solid when hot gases pass over cooler surfaces. The rate of heat transfer to the solid is a function of the temperature difference, the surface area exposed to the hot gas, and the velocity of the hot gas. The higher the velocity of the gas, the greater the rate of convective transfer.
Radiation Heat Transfer ✔✔Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a hot surface to a cooler surface by electromagnetic waves without an intervening medium. For example, the heat energy from the sun is radiated to earth through the vacuum of space. Radiant energy can be
transferred only by line-of-sight and will be reduced or blocked by intervening materials. Intervening materials do not necessarily block all radiant heat. For example, radiant heat is reduced on the order of 50 percent by some glazing materials.
Pyrolysis ✔✔A process in which material is decomposed, or broken down, into simpler molecular compounds by the effects of heat alone; pyrolysis often precedes combustion
Combustion ✔✔Combustion may continue with available oxygen concentrations lower than 1 percent.
Empirical Data ✔✔Data that is based on observation or experience and can be verified.
Inductive Reasoning ✔✔The process by which a person
starts from a particular experience and proceeds to generalizations. The process by which hypotheses are developed based upon observable or known facts and the training, experience,
knowledge, and expertise of the observer.
Deductive Reasoning ✔✔Test the Hypothesis with deductive reasoning. The process by which conclusions
Arson ✔✔The crime of maliciously and intentionally, or recklessly, starting a fire or causing an explosion.
Arc ✔✔A high-temperature luminous electric discharge
across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation.
Cause ✔✔The circumstances, conditions, or agencies that brought about or resulted in the fire or explosion incident, damage to property resulting from the fire or explosion incident, or bodily injury or loss of life resulting from the fire or explosion incident.
Combustion ✔✔A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame.
Fire ✔✔A rapid oxidation process, which is a chemical
reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities.
Drop Down / Fall Down ✔✔The spread of fire by the dropping or falling of burning materials. Synonymous with "fall down."
Conduction ✔✔Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact.
Convection ✔✔Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid.
Competent Ignition Source ✔✔An ignition source that
has sufficient energy and is capable of transferring that energy to the fuel long enough to raise the fuel to its ignition temperature.
Detonation ✔✔Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium.
Forensic (Forensic Science) ✔✔The application of science
to answer questions of interest to the legal system.
Fire Science ✔✔The body of knowledge concerning the study of fire and related subjects (such as combustion, flame, products of combustion, heat release, heat transfer, fire and explosion chemistry, fire and explosion dynamics, thermodynamics,
kinetics, fluid mechanics, fire safety) and their interaction
