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In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by a. polar covalent bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. nonpolar covalent bonds - Precise Answer ✔✔a. polar covalent bonds Stanley Miller's 1953 experiment demonstrated conclusively that a. life arose on Earth from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes b. the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of life. c. life arose on Earth 3.8 billion years ago from simple organic molecules d. organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth. e. the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. - Precise Answer ✔✔d. organic molecules can be synthesized abioticallly under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.
What do the four 'elements of life' -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen-have in common? a. they are equal in electronegativity b. they are elements produced only by living cells c. they all have the same number of valence electrons d. each element exists in only one isotopic form e. they all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells - Precise Answer ✔✔e. they all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells Using the functional group diagram at right answer A-E which of the following is incorrectly match?: a. A = amino group b. B = thiol group c. C = carbonyl group d. D = organic phosphate e. E = carboxyl - Precise Answer ✔✔e. E = carboxyl Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because a. the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive charge
iv) a characteristic of alcohols - Precise Answer ✔✔a. hydroxyl Which functional group shown at the right is: v) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules - Precise Answer ✔✔e. sulfhydryl Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures? a. adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids b. adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acids c. creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids d. adding hydrogens to the fatty acids e. creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids - Precise Answer ✔✔d. adding hydrogens to the fatty acids A comparison of saturated and natrually occurring unsaturated fats reveals that the unsaturated fats are ________ at room temperature and have ________: a. solids; cis double bonds b. liquids; trans double bonds c. liquids; single bonds d. liquids; cis double bonds
e. solids; single bonds - Precise Answer ✔✔d. liquids; cis double bonds A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormone and is also found in the vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is: a. estrogen b. testosterone c. glycerol d. cholesterol e. a phospholipid - Precise Answer ✔✔d. cholesterol A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a ________, where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a ________. a. carbohydrate and fatty acid, respectively b. fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively c. protein and monosaccharide, respectively d. nucleic acid and fatty acid, respectively e. fatty acid and nucleotide, respectively - Precise Answer ✔✔b. fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively What macromolcule is shown?
- Precise Answer ✔✔a. cholesterol
d. it is a hydrolysis reaction and it results in a peptide bond e. it is a hydrolysis reaction, it results in a peptide bond, and it joins two fatty acids together. - Precise Answer ✔✔b. it results in a peptide bond A bond that froms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino acids) into polymers (such as DNA or insulin) is a (n): a. hydrogen bond b. ionic bond c. peptide bond d. covalent bond - Precise Answer ✔✔d. covalent bond Polysaccharides, tracylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they a. are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis b. are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions c. all contian nitrogen in their monomer building blocks d. are synthesized from subunits by dehydrations reactions e. are synthesized as a results of a peptide bond formation between monomers. - Precise Answer ✔✔d. are synthesized form subunits by dehydration reactions Match the following cell parts of the cell to its function:
Nucleus - Precise Answer ✔✔c. site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis Match the following cell parts of the cell to its function: Mitochondria - Precise Answer ✔✔e. synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation Match the following cell parts of the cell to its function: Nucleolis - Precise Answer ✔✔f. site of rRNA for protein synthesis Match the following cell parts of the cell to its function: Rough ER - Precise Answer ✔✔h. synthesis of insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein Match the following cell parts of the cell to its function: Golgi Apparatus - Precise Answer ✔✔a. sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion Match the following cell parts of the cell to its function:
Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if the red blood cells are transferred to seawater? a. the blood cells will take up water, swell, and eventually burst b. NaCl will passively diffuse into the red blood cells c. water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse d. NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion e. the blood cells will expend ATP for active transport of NaCl into the cytoplasm - Precise Answer ✔✔c. water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except a. synthesis of hormones b. active transport of ions c. cell - cell adhesion d. reception of hormone signals like epinephrine e. attatchment to the extracellular membrane - Precise Answer ✔✔a. synthesis of hormones Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right. a. cholesterol - Precise Answer ✔✔E.
Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right. b. glycolipid - Precise Answer ✔✔A. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right. c. integral membrane protein - Precise Answer ✔✔B. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right. d. peripheral membrane protein - Precise Answer ✔✔F. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right. e. glycoprotein - Precise Answer ✔✔C. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which statements below accurately defines energy coupling? a. anabolic reactions drive catabolic reactions b. exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions c. endergonic reactions drive exergonic reactions d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate e. endergonic and exergonic reactions occur independently of each other
- Precise Answer ✔✔b. exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is a. phosphorylase b. phosphatase c. protein kinase d. ATPase e. protease - Precise Answer ✔✔c. protein kinase
In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve? a. it allows for increased rate of glycolysis b. it allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle c. it increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation d. it increases the surface area for substrate-level phosphorylation e. it allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria - Precise Answer ✔✔c. it increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent on the light reactions? a. the light reactions generate the molecular oxygen needed for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle b. G3P produced in the light reactions is oxidized in the Calvin cycle c. the light reactions produce the ATP energy and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle d. RuBP produced in the lgiht reactions facilitates CO2 fixation in the Calvin cyle e. photons of light that are byproducts of the light reactions provide the energy for the Calvin cycle - Precise Answer ✔✔c. the light reactions produce the ATP energy and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cylce One function of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation is to
Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell: a. Krebs Cycle - Precise Answer ✔✔v) mitochondrial matrix Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell: b. Calvin Cycle - Precise Answer ✔✔iv) chloroplast stroma Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell: c. Light Reactions - Precise Answer ✔✔i) thylakoid membrane Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell: d. Proton Gradient in aerobic respiration - Precise Answer ✔✔iii) mitochondrial inner membrane space Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell:
e. Proton Gradient in light reactions - Precise Answer ✔✔ii) thylakoid lumen Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis? a. 0% b. 2% c. 10% d. 38% e. 100% - Precise Answer ✔✔e. 100% A C4 plant intially fixes CO2 into ________ where a C3 plant fixes CO into ________. a. oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco b. G3P using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco c. Malic acid using Rubisco, PGA using PEP carboxylase d. RuBP using Rubsico, Oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase e. ATP using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco - Precise Answer ✔✔a. oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco Which of the following statments describes the results of this reaction?
d. it is the most abundant protein in the world e. it fixed carbon dioxide into an organic form - Precise Answer ✔✔c. it is a kinase Up to 60% of all medicines used today influence what structures in the cell membrane? a. receptor tyrosine-kinases b. epinephrine receptors c. growth factors d. G-protein linked receptors e. steroid hormone receptors - Precise Answer ✔✔d. G-protein linked receptors How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell? a. adenylyl cyclase converts cAMP to phosphodiesterase, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell b. adenylyl cyclase activates a G protein after binding to an extracellular ligand c. adenylyl cyclase activates phospholipase C, releasing IP3 and DAG from the membrane lipids d. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then aplifies the signal throughout the cell
e. adenylyl cyclase is responsible for the initial dimerization of R-TK proteins - Precise Answer ✔✔d. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling a. epinephrine - Precise Answer ✔✔5. ligand MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling b. integral membrane protein receptor - Precise Answer ✔✔3. GPCR MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling c. integral membrane protein enzyme - Precise Answer ✔✔1. adenylyl cyclase MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling d. peripheral membrane protein that binds to GTP - Precise Answer ✔✔2. G-protein MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling
