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Elijah Banks Diamond Adams Raequon Mack Rilajah Baynes
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process where organisms burn food to produce energy. The
starting material of cellular respiration is glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds.
You can imagine glucose as a cellular piece of coal, full of energy, but useless when you want to
power a source. Just as burning coal produces heat and energy in the form of electricity, the
chemical processes of respiration convert the energy in glucose into a usable form. Adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) is the usable form of energy produced by respiration. For example, ATP is
like the electricity that could power the stereo: it contains the same energy as coal, but it’s easier
to transport and is just what’s needed when the cell needs some power to carry out a process.
Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used for cellular respiration to make ATP. The
glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. Water is being
broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined
with hydrogen to form water. While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen,
cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is
used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. Here’s a visual to get a better
understanding of what goes on during cellular respiration.
1. Plants and animals exchange materials through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Which of these statements is true about the way these two processes are related? a) The products of photosynthesis prevent respiration b) The products of photosynthesis are also the products of respiration c) The reactants of photosynthesis are also the reactants of respiration d) The product of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration
- What are the products of photosynthesis and reactants of respiration? a) ATP and ADP b) Water and Oxygen c) Glucose and Oxygen d) Hormones
- What is the first step of cellular respiration?
energy-using process.(ATP) Endocytosis and exocytosis can occur in the same cell. It is how a
cell transports and exports material in and out.
1. Which is an example of a homeostasis mechanism? a) Sweating when you become cold b) Shivering when you are cold c) Releasing urine and feces d) Wearing less clothes since it is warm **2. Compare and contrast hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
- Two solutions are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane. The** membrane is permeable to solute. There is a higher concentration of solute particles on the left side of the membrane. In which direction will the solute particles move? **Why?
- How would the body respond to an increased environmental temperature?** a) Hairs on body erect
b) Sweating c) shivering d) become sleepy
- Which hormone regulate the amount of glucose in the blood? a) Pepsin b) Trypsin c) Insulin d) Glycine
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1.. How do the body systems coordinate & interact to maintain homeostasis of the whole organism?
- How does disease always represent a loss of homeostasis?
Theory of Evolution
The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the
Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of
changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt
to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. Evolution by natural selection is
b. Every specie comes from an earlier specie c. The human species evolved from chimpanzees d. People evolve not population
- True or false? a dolphin fin and a human arm are homologous structure a. True b. False
- **In your own words describe what the theory of evolution is stating.
- What’s the biggest difference between homologous and analogous structures? Explain.**
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
- What is meant by evolution?
- Are certain lines of evidence for evolution stronger than others?
Cell growth and Reproduction
Cell growth and reproduction can also be known as “the cell cycle.” The cell cycle
describes the stages of a single cell’s life. There are three main stages which are interphase,
nuclear division, and cytokinesis. Interphase is the longest stage in the cell cycle because during
the G1 stage the cell grows and then replicates DNA in the S stage and ready to divide in the G
stage. There are two types of cellular reproduction, mitosis and meiosis. These processes are
responsible for creating two different types of cells. Mitosis is a process that creates a nearly
exact copy of the original cell. Somatic cells, which include nearly all human cells, are created
by this process. Meiosis is a different form of reproduction that leads to the production of germ
cells, or sex cells. he goal of cellular reproduction is to reproduce a copy of a preexisting cell.
Cells achieve this by first copying their contents and then dividing them so each of the resulting
two cells has the same components. These processes are a part of a larger cell cycle that also
includes periods of preparation for synthesizing copies of cellular components and division. This
cycle occurs continuously in most organisms.
1. What role does cytokinesis play in the cell cycle? a) Nuclear division b) Copying DNA c) The final stage d) All of the above 2. How many phases is Mitosis duplicated of in the nucleus? a) 4 b) 3 c) 1 d) Prophase 3. DNA replication consists of one old strand and one new strand. a) False b) True 4. What is one difference between the parent cell and daughter cell that results from mitosis?
**1. What are the similarities between dominant allele and recessive allele?
- What chromosomes are the sex-linked genes determined by?** a) X b) Y c) Neither d) Both **3. What makes homozygous and heterozygous different?
- What is a gene?** a) The combination of alleles in an organism’s b) A DNA sequence that specifies a protein c) An appearance of a trait d) None of the above 5. What inherits one of each allele explain? a) Homozygous
b) Recessive c) Heterozygous d) Dominant
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
- What is DNA?
- What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Basic Biological Principles
Prokaryotic cells have been proven to have been evolved before eukaryotic cells. Just as plant
cells prokaryotic cells have cell walls also. Thye use them as protectants since cell walls have
single organism or building blocks. Don’t forget that prokaryotic cells DNA isn’t found in the
nucleus but in a region around it (nuclear). If you are still confused as to what prokaryotes some
examples are bacteria and archaea. One last thing important about this cell is that it uses cell
respiration for energy. Now for eukaryotic cells, they are made up of cells just as prokaryotic. A
few huge difference between these two cells are their size (eukaryotic cells are more vast) and
this cell has a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
have double membranes to protect them. Or in other words a single complex cell. Here’s a visual
of what prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells actually look like and how they work.
b. Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic c. Both can move around with cilla and or flagella d. Prokaryotic cells contain cell walls
5. Which of the following question(s) are false about prokaryotes/eukaryotes explain why the following question(s) are false. a. Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic b. The dna of a eukaryotic cell is found in the nucleus c. Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic d. Eukaryotic is an organism with is a single cell that has a complex structure
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
- What are the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- What do the functions of membrane proteins include?
The Chemical Basis of LIfe.
Here’s some information about the chemical bases of life. Polar bonds are covalent which
is basically sharing atoms where the forming bonds of electrons are unbalanced or unequally
shared. For example, these bonds are unequal which causes it to be polar. Living organism only
use a small percentage to carry out their functions. There are six important elements which are
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and calcium. Now for ions which are charged
elements that are brought up from the gain or loss of electrons from a neutral atom or molecule.
Some atoms that gain and lose are sodium and fluorine. Bonding from atoms and ions can be
covalent which basically means bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. Atoms
are important units of chemical matter. Atoms contain a nucleus. It also contains positively
charged protons and uncharged neutrons. Nonpolar bonds are molecules that share electrons with
one another. Another important concept is chemical reactions which is a substance or substances
that are converted into one or more new substances. Here’s a better understanding of each bond.
Which molecule(s) are polar? a. Water b. Carbon c. Oxygen d. None of the above
2. What are polar bonds? a. Hydrophobic b. Hydrophilic c. Semipermeable d. Permeable 3. Which isn’t a part of the plasma membrane? a. Amino acids b. Fatty acids c. Nucleic acids d. Phosphates **4. Explain why water molecules are polar.
- Explain how biological macromolecules form from monomers.**
Photosynthesis- a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. Cellular respiration- a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. Pigment- a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. Nadp- a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. Glycolysis- the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO− + H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Nad- a coenzyme found in all living cells. Atp- a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
Cell Transportation and Homeostasis
Semi-permeable- allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others, especially allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes. Passive transport- a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Diffusion- the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration with high chemical potential to a region of low concentration with low chemical potential. Osmosis- the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides Hypotonic solution- is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution Hypertonic solution- a particular type of solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. Isotonic solution- to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. Active transport- the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. Endocytosis- the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. Exocytosis- a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by expelling them through an energy-dependent process. Homeostasis- as the maintenance or regulation of the stable condition, or its equilibrium; or simply as the balance of bodily functions.
Theory of Evolution
Evolution- change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Theory- a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. Fossils- any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Adaption- the dynamic evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Common descent- There is strong quantitative support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor. Homeostasis structures- Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis
Cell growth
Anaphase- the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle. Cell cycle- the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells. Cell division- the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells Cytokinesis- the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells Centromere- the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division Homologous- similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function. Interphase- the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. Metaphase- the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. Mitosis- a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Prophase- the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. Telophase- the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
Genes
Alleles- one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
ANSWER KEY:
Bioenergetics: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- D
- C
- A
- Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant. Chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun to produce the free energy stored in ATP and NADPH through a process called photosynthesis.
- The difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration is aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy molecule ATP, whereas anaerobic respiration synthesize ATP by using the electron transport chain, with inorganic molecules other than oxygen.
Homeostasis and Transport
- B
- Hypertonic solutions have a greater solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move out of the cell. Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solution than the cell, causing water to move in to the cell. Isotonic solutions have an equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell, causing no net gain or loss of water
- The molecules will move to the right side until equilibrium is reached, then continue to move back and forth with no net change in concentration. This will occur because the membrane is soluble to solute, which will move from high to low concentration.
- B
- C Theory of Revolution
- B
- B
- A
- It’s basically saying that everyone and everything evolved from a related species that was around before.
- Both these structures are based around the same thing but have different functions.
Basic Biological principles
**1. A
- B
- C**
**4. B is false because eukaryotic cells are far more vast and or larger than prokaryotic
- B is false because it’s not found in the nucleus, but in a area or region near it**
The Chemical Basis of LIfe.
**1. A
- A
- C
- Water molecules are polar because it’s unbalanced one side is negatively charged** **while the other is charged positively.
- Most of the macromolecules are made up by building blocks which are called** **monomers. Cell Growth
- C
- 4
- B
- The difference is the daughter cell has sister chromatids and the parent cell does not.
- When it separates each chromatid is joined to one centromere. Genes
- The similarities between dominant alleles and recessive allele are that they both can be expressed based on if the individual inherits copies of alleles.
- D
- Homozygous means the same alleles and heterozygous means different alleles.
- A DNA sequence that specifies a protein and is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring
- Heterozygous which is basically a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive and or different from one another**
