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Cell Respiration
Cellular respiration (also known as 'oxidative metabolism') is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. TERM 2
ATP/ADP Cycle
DEFINITION 2 Transfer chemical energy between reactions TERM 3
NAD & FAD nucleotide
cofactors
DEFINITION 3 Used in redox reactions Transfer electrons/H+ from one reaction to another TERM 4
Anaerobic Respiration
DEFINITION 4 Does not require O2 Found in all cells Oldest type of respiration Does not release a substantial amount of ATP - Substrate-level phosphorylation Killed by O2 if they cannot hide TERM 5
Aerobic Respiration
DEFINITION 5 Does use O2 Found only in some organisms Newest type of respiration Gives off CO2 as waste Releases a lot of ATP - Substrate-level phosphorylation - Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO + H+. TERM 7
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
DEFINITION 7 Transfers phosphate group to make ATP Involves coupled reactions Makes one ATP at a time TERM 8
Energy Investment Phase
DEFINITION 8 First steps are endergonic - energy supplied by ATP 6C molecule split into 2 molecules of 3C each TERM 9
Energy Payoff Phase
DEFINITION 9 Energy harvested - Electrons transferred to coenzyme NAD+ If there's more energy... - more energy can be harvested from pyruvate - Cell moves pyruvate into mitochondria TERM 10
Preparatory Reaction
DEFINITION 10 Removes C (as CO2) from pyruvate Capture energy by electronics, form NADH Remaining 2 C molecules attach to coenzyme A
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). TERM 17
ATP synthase
DEFINITION 17 Protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane Controls H+ movement Makes ATP as H+ moves down its gradient TERM 18
DNA (eukaryotic)
DEFINITION 18 Found in nucleus "Tangle of threads" called chromatin Directs cell activities TERM 19
Chromatin
DEFINITION 19 Chromatin is the combination of DNA, histone, and other proteins that makes up chromosomes. TERM 20
Interphase
DEFINITION 20 G1, S, G2 Checkpoints in G1 and G2 that decide if cell continues to mitosis DNA copies itself in S
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. TERM 22
Cytokinesis
DEFINITION 22 Divides cytoplasm between two new cells In males, divided equally In females, divided unequally TERM 23
Prophase
DEFINITION 23 Longest phase Chromatin coils up Microtubules turn into spindles Nuclear envelope "disappears" Spindle apparatus completed TERM 24
Metaphase
DEFINITION 24 Spindle fibers move chromosomes to middle of cell Chromosomes pulled by centromere TERM 25
Anaphase
DEFINITION 25 Spindle fibers pull identical chromosomes apart
