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Cell Cycle and Cell Division Latest 2024
Graded A
Cell Cycle ✔✔An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell
Mitosis ✔✔A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.
Cytokinesis ✔✔The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.
Cell Division ✔✔The reproduction of cells
Chromosomes ✔✔A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
Chromatin ✔✔The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope
Somatic Cells ✔✔Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.
Gametes ✔✔A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Sister Chromatids ✔✔Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II
Centromere ✔✔In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)
How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome? ✔✔ 2
asexual reproduction ✔✔A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.
sexual reproduction ✔✔A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.
diploid cell ✔✔A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
haploid cell ✔✔A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
Meiosis ✔✔Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.
G1 Phase ✔✔The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
S Phase ✔✔The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 Phase ✔✔The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
Centriole ✔✔A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.
Metaphase Plate ✔✔An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.
Cleavage Furrow ✔✔The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
Cell Plate ✔✔A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
Prophase ✔✔The first stage of mitosis, in which 3 things happen: 1) chromatin condenses into chromosomes 2) Nuclear envelope breaks down 3) mitotic spindle fibers are assembled.
Metaphase ✔✔The 2nd stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase ✔✔The 3rd stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
Telophase ✔✔The 4th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.
Cytokinesis ✔✔The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.
Chromosomes ✔✔A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
Chromatin ✔✔The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope
Centromere ✔✔In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)
How many chromatids are in ONE duplicated chromosome? ✔✔ 2
interphase ✔✔The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.
spindle fibers ✔✔Microtubules involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
Through a microscope, you can see a cell with two nuclei.. This cell is most likely in what state
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
G
What are 2 parts of cell division? ✔✔Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes
What happens during prophase? ✔✔1. The nucleoli disappear
- Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes.
- Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere.
- Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.
What happens during metaphase? ✔✔1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed
- The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.
What happens during anaphase? ✔✔1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids.
- The spindle fibers pull apart the chromatids to form two nucleus of the cells.
What happens during Telophase? ✔✔1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell.
- The chromosomes uncoil
- Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei.
G1 Phase ✔✔The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
S Phase ✔✔The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 Phase ✔✔The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.
The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. ✔✔chromatin
A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____.
64 chromosomes
32 pairs of chromosomes
64 pairs of chromosomes
none of the above
None of the listed responses is correct. ✔✔None of the above
Chromatids are _____.
A. found only in aberrant chromosomes
B.composed of RNA
C. identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome
D. held together by the centrioles
E. the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes ✔✔identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome
If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle?
