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BMI formula ✔✔weight (kg) / height (m^2) Most common cause of pilot incapacitation ✔✔Food and drink poisoning Most comfortable temperature range and relative humidity range ✔✔ 21 - 27 degrees C at 40 - 60% relative humidity Definition of heat stress type 1 and remedy ✔✔Operating above 32 degs C best remedied by drinking water. Definition of heat stress type 2 ✔✔Too much sun through sunbathing, inadequate protection or liquid intake Definition of heat stress type 3 ✔✔Temperatures below 10 degs C. Body loses more body heat than it can produce resulting in hypothermia (cognitive impairment, apathy, unconsciousness and ultimately death) Early sensation of dehydration ✔✔Dry nasal passage and prickly eyes Hours of non-flying required after a blood donation ✔✔ 24 hours Define (otic) Barotrauma ✔✔Stretching of ear drum due to uneven air pressures between middle ear and ambient. (NO! Any pain caused due to pressure differential)
CASA ATPL AHUF Study (2025)
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Effect of (otic) barotrauma ✔✔Pressure vertigo of ear/balance mechanism causing dizziness What does the Valsave manoeuvre do? ✔✔Forces air via Eustascian Tube into middle ear to increase pressure equal to ambient What are sinuses? ✔✔Cavities in the skull that are lined with a mucus membrane that can swell to block venting. Aggravated by pressure differential during descent. Litres of body fluids lost during a hot day ✔✔ 5 Effect of eating green vegetables prior to flight ✔✔Expansion/release of gases in digestive system due to low ambient pressure Alcohol consumed with food increases rate of alcohol absorption or rate of alcohol removal? ✔✔Only increase alcohol absorption. Rate of alcohol removal cannot be changed. Percentage of alcohol break down in liver compared to other mechanism (including respiration, expiration and urine). ✔✔90% in liver. 10% through respiration, expiration and urine. Standard drink units of alcohol metabolised per hour in an adult male. ✔✔ 1 standard drink. Number of hours alcohol is present in brain after consumption. ✔✔ 24 hours. Recommended maximum number of standard drinks 24 hours prior to flight. ✔✔ 1 - 2 standard drinks. Maximum recommended standard drinks consumed a week for a male and female. ✔✔ 21 - 28 standard drinks for a male and 14-21 standard drinks for a female.
How much rest required after a less than four-hour dive that requires decompression stops? ✔✔ 12 hours. How much rest required after more than a four-hour dive that requires decompression stops? ✔✔ 40 hours. The part of the ear that is cartilage structured into a 25mm canal? ✔✔Outer ear. Which part of the ear starts with the airtight seal of the eardrum? ✔✔Middle ear. The ear drum vibrates. 3 bones amplify these vibrations and conduct directly to the cochlear. What are the layman's terms of these bones? ✔✔Hammer, anvil and stirrup. What is the name of the organ that converts mechanical signals to electrical signals in the inner ear? ✔✔Cochlear. Which part of the ear is vented to the atmosphere via the Eustacian tube? ✔✔Middle ear. To which organ are the semi-circular canals mounted? ✔✔Cochlear. Which organ is filled with fluid called endolymph and contains tiny hair-like cells that resonate to different vibrational frequencies. ✔✔Cochlear. Excessive noise will damage which organ through damage of its hair-like cells submerged in endolymph? ✔✔Cochlear. The cupula is a hair-like cell that washes around and responds to acceleration and sends signals to the brain. The cupula is part of which organ? ✔✔Semi-circular canal.
Linear acceleration is detected by the saccule (vertical) and utricle (horizontal). Collectively, this organ is also mounted on the cochlear and is called? ✔✔Otolith organ. What is the lowest decibel that can be detected by a child? ✔✔ 1 dB. What scale is the decibel system? ✔✔Base ten logarithmic. A comfortable noise level is below which decibel? ✔✔ 80 dB. At which decibel level is ear protection recommended? ✔✔ 85 dB. Which decibel level will cause pain in the ear? ✔✔ 140 dB. What part of the eye is the 'windshield' that helps the lens direct light to the retina? ✔✔Cornea. Which part of the eye changes shape and size to adjust light levels through the pupil? ✔✔Iris. How is light focused onto the retina by the lens? ✔✔Ciliary muscles contract and relax the lens. The retina wall (sensor wall) is covered with rods and cones. Where are their relative positions along the wall and what are their specialties? ✔✔Cones are located in the centre and used primarily for colour detection. Rods are located around the outside and used primarily for B&W. What is the special area of the retina with extra sensitive cells used for fine details like threading a needle? ✔✔Fovea. Rods need a high concentration of 'visual purple' or Rhodopsin to be best primed for night vision. How long could this priming take? ✔✔ 30 - 40 minutes.
What is the term used to describe a fluid pressure increase in the eyeball that damages retina receptors? ✔✔Glaucoma. Name the three sensing mechanisms (organs) in the human body. ✔✔1. Eyes 2. Vestibular Apparatus. 3. Proprioceptive Cues Which of the three sensing mechanisms of the human body takes priority? ✔✔Eyes. What occurs when the brain receives conflicting information and no reliable visual reference is available? ✔✔Disorientation. What is the illusion that occurs when a gentle angle of bank is sustained and then an opposite bank is introduced to then confuse the brain into thinking it's turning when wings might be level? ✔✔The Leans What is the illusion that occurs when the semi-circular canals are confused into mixing the yawing plane into a rolling plane? Typically, the pilot will feel a tumbling sensation and this occurs when the pilot turns or pivots their head during a level turn (eg. picking up a map while turning). ✔✔Coriolis Illusion. What is the illusion that occurs during a clear dark night when a pilot stares at a star which then appears to move around? ✔✔Autokinetic Illusion. What is the illusion that occurs when an acceleration is confused for a climbing sensation? What is the danger of this illusion? ✔✔Somatogravic Illusion. Threat of pilot pitching forward during level flight. Visual illusions from air pollution cause the runway to appear...? ✔✔Further away.
Visual illusions from clear skies after rain causes the runway to appear...? ✔✔Closer. Water droplets on a windshield makes the runway appear...? ✔✔Closer. What is the illusion from which the pilot has a tendency to have a false impression that they are high during a night approach? ✔✔Black Hole Effect. Terrain sloping down from the threshold will make the pilot think that they are high/low on approach? ✔✔High since you feel like you're on a steep gradient approach. Grey out is experienced in how many G manourvres? ✔✔3.5G, typical of a loop. Black out is experienced in how many G manourvres? ✔✔5G, very aggressive entry to a loop. Red out results in red vision due to what? ✔✔Bottom eyelid covering eye. Why would a sudden change from sustained negative G to high positive G increase the chance of a grey out or black out? ✔✔Heart rate slows during negative G (pooling of blood inverse to hypoxic conditions). Is carbon monoxide poisoning more likely in a piston engine aircraft or turbine engine aircraft? ✔✔Piston engine as carbon monoxide accounts for 3 - 9% of fumes. Carbon monoxide is more easily carried by which part of the red blood cell compared to oxygen. ✔✔Hemoglobin - a protein in a red blood cell. What are some early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? ✔✔Headache, fatigue and mild discomfort in sleeping.
Effectiveness performance time/time of useful consciousness as a pilot at 20000ft. ✔✔ 10 minutes. Effectiveness performance time/time of useful consciousness as a pilot at 25000ft. ✔✔ 3 minutes. Effectiveness performance time/time of useful consciousness as a pilot at 30000ft. ✔✔ 1 minute. At what altitude is affected by hypoxic conditions in unpressurised aircraft? ✔✔4000ft. What equivalent altitude is experienced for smokers at sea level and at 5000ft? ✔✔8000ft and 10000ft. What is the term used to describe a deficiency in hemoglobin? ✔✔Anaemia. What is the single similarity between hypoxia and hyperventilation? ✔✔Slowed brain function. Symptoms of hyperventilation include...? ✔✔Tingling of feet/hands and light headedness. What is the remedy to hyperventilation? What is the last resort? ✔✔Slowing of breathing. Breathing into a paper bag as a last resort. What is the term used to describe when more carbon dioxide is exhaled than the body can produce? ✔✔Hyperventilation. At altitude, gases trapped in body cavities will attempt to escape. What is the reason for this? ✔✔Reduce air pressure causes gas to expand.
At high altitudes above 18000ft, the physiological effect called 'the bends' can occur. This is the result of Dalton's Law and the dissolution of what gas into body tissue? ✔✔Nitrogen. Upon depressurisation at 10000 - 25000ft, supply of oxygen must be in what form? ✔✔Supply oxygen bag. Upon depressurisation at 25000 - 40000ft, supply of oxygen must be in what form? ✔✔Demand oxygen mask with up to 100% oxygen. Upon depressurisation at 40000ft and above, supply of oxygen must be in what form? ✔✔Pressurised 100% oxygen mask. What is the duration of memory of visual stimuli in short term memory? ✔✔0.5- 1 second. What is the duration of memory of audio stimuli in short term memory? ✔✔ 4 - 8 seconds. What is the average number of items stored in short term memory. What technique can be used to increase performance? ✔✔7 items for 30 seconds. Chunking. Long term memory is susceptible to error. T/F? ✔✔True. Long term memory stores items for minutes to a lifetime. What is the best method of improving performance? ✔✔By association with existing items. (known to unknown - FIR PMI technique) Long term memory can be stored into three categories. The term to describe memory of past events is called...? ✔✔Episodic memory. Long term memory can be stored into three categories. The term to describe memory of symbols, signs, numbers, letters is called...? ✔✔Semantic memory.
- Safety (danger)
- Affection (friendship)
- Self Esteem (achievement)
- Self Fulfillment (expression of talent). Hertzberg Two-Factor Theory found that factors that motivated job performance were different to job dissatisfaction. How did they relate to Maslow's Triangle? ✔✔Motivating factors (motivators) were higher on triangle while Hygiene factors (job dissatisfaction) were lower. What is the term used to describe a situation where the brain assumes what it is familiar with rather than was is actually presented? ✔✔Mindset. What is the term used to describe a situation where evidence is cherry picked to support a hypothesis? ✔✔Confirmation bias. What is the term used to describe the situation where there is a left engine oil leak followed by right engine failure and the pilot feathers the incorrect engine due to an assumption? ✔✔High expectancy. What is the term used to describe a situation where a pilot is focussed on a gear warning light problem which leads to a fuel starvation situation? ✔✔Diverted attention. What is the term used to describe a situation when a cadet calls out a BUMFISH checklist without actually actioning the fuel pump as part of the checklist? ✔✔Environmental capture. What is the term used to describe a situation when a jury comes to an incorrect unanimous decision or choice with higher risk? ✔✔Risky shift. Which gland above the kidney produces adrenaline to prepare for fight or flight response? ✔✔Adrenal glands.
Is experiences of acute stress normal? ✔✔Yes. Chronic stress is bad. Name the four indicators. ✔✔Mental. Physical. Emotional. Behavioural. Holmes and Rahe survey of stressors rates which circumstance as the most stressful? ✔✔Death of a spouse. Divorce, the second most stressful circumstance on Holmes and Rahe survey of stressors is given what value? ✔✔73. The order in which humans cope with stress is in which order? ✔✔1. Alarm.
- Resistance.
- Collapse. What is the term used to describe a stress coping strategy in which escapism is used. ✔✔Action coping. What is the term used to describe a stress coping strategy in which 'mind over matter' is used. ✔✔Cognitive coping. What is the duration of the natural body clock? ✔✔ 25 hours. When is the body at its warmest circadian rhythm and what temperatures? ✔✔Dinner time at 36.9 degrees C. When is the body at its coolest circadian rhythm and what temperatures? ✔✔Before waking at 36.1 degrees C.
d. 48 hours. ✔✔b. 12 hours. Alcohol can still be detected in the blood for: a. 14 hours after ingestion. b. 14 hours after the blood alcohol level has reached .05. c. 24 hours after ingestion. d. 24 hours after the blood alcohol level has reached .05. ✔✔a. 14 hours after ingestion. If it becomes necessary to take sleeping tablets, how much time should be allowed before flying? a. 12 hours. b. 24 hours. c. none if they provided a good night's sleep. d. 8 hours. ✔✔b. 24 hours. The maximum period which a flight crew licence holder can suffer an impairment of efficiency relating to an act authorised by the licence, without DAME certification that the impairment no longer exists is: a. 30 days for private or commercial pilots. b. 7 days for private pilots. c. 30 days for commercial pilots. d. 7 days for commercial pilots. ✔✔d. 7 days for commercial pilots. The upper limit of alcohol intake of standards drinks over a period of one week is: a. 20 for men and 14 for women. b. 28 for men and 21 for women. c. 32 for men and 28 for women. d. 40 for men and 20 for women. ✔✔b. 28 for men and 21 for women.
As a rough guide, hearing protection should be worn if the ambient noise levels are such that it is necessary to shout to conduct a conversation over a distance of: a. 10 metres. b. 5 metres. c. 3 metres. d. half a metre. ✔✔d. half a metre. The term frequency when applied to sound is most closely related to: a. the number of pressure waves arriving in the ear in each second. b. the strength of the pressure waves. c. the loudness of the sound. d. the tone of the sound. ✔✔d. the tone of the sound. You are making an approach by day into a runway where the terrain slopes up from the threshold of intended landing. The most likely misjudgement during this approach would be: a. an overestimate of your height above the runway. b. an underestimate of your height above the runway. c. an underestimate of your speed during the approach. d. an overestimate of the length of the runway. ✔✔b. an underestimate of your height above the runway. (overestimate is when you are higher than you actually are) The proprioceptive system generates sensations from: a. the semi circular canals b. the otolith. c. the skeletal muscles, joints and tendons. d. the skin. ✔✔c. the skeletal muscles, joints and tendons.
In the event of sudden loss of cabin pressure at 30000ft, the effective performance time for a pilot without supplementary oxygen would be approximately: a. 5 minutes. b. 2 minutes. c. 1 minute. d. 15 seconds. ✔✔c. 1 minute. Each passenger must be provided with supplementary oxygen for all of the time at which an unpressurised aircraft is operating above: a. 20000ft. b. 10000ft. c. 14000ft. d. 8000ft. ✔✔c. 14000ft (skydiving). The average time of useful consciousness while engaged in moderate activity following a rapid decompression at 25000ft is: a. 1 minute. b. 3 minutes. c. 5 minutes. d. 10 minutes. ✔✔b. 3 minutes. The symptoms of hyperventilation are: a. quite similar to those of hypoxia. b. quite different to those of hypoxia. c. a blue colouring of the lips and fingernails. d. profuse sweating. ✔✔a. quite similar to those of hypoxia.
Above which altitude does it first become necessary for the pilot of an unpressurised aircraft to breathe pure oxygen? a. 10000ft. b. 33700ft. c. 40000ft. d. 45000ft. ✔✔b. 33700ft. Which of the following is true concerning the short term memory's susceptibility to error? a. it is very susceptible to error. b. it if free of error. c. it is almost free of error. d. it is more susceptible to error in the young. ✔✔c. it is almost free of error. Attitude is considered as incorporating three different elements; they are: a. believing, feeling and acting. b. seeing, believing and feeling. c. seeing, hearing and feeling. d. feeling, acting and hearing ✔✔a. believing, feeling and acting. One interesting characteristic of the short term memory is that it appears to be: a. almost entirely acoustic. b. almost entirely visual. c. equally reliant on visual and acoustic inputs. d. unaffected by alcohol. ✔✔a. almost entirely acoustic. Which of the following is likely to have the most lasting effect on pilot motivation? a. high wages.
