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Carbohydrates in biochemistry, Slides of Biochemistry

A powerpoint over the function and importance of carbohydrates in biochemistry

Typology: Slides

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/28/2025

pearson-futch
pearson-futch ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ

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CARBOHYDRATES IN BIOCHEMISTRY:
FROM SUGARS TO NUCLEIC ACIDS
C
HAPTERS
7 & 8
โ€”
M
ONOSACCHARIDES
OLYSACCHARIDES
, G
LYCOCONJUGATES
,
AND
C
ARBOHYDRATE
R
OLES
IN
N
UCLEIC
A
CID
C
HEMISTRY
P
EARSON
F
UTCH
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CARBOHYDRATES IN BIOCHEMISTRY:

FROM SUGARS TO NUCLEIC ACIDS

CHAPTERS 7 & 8 โ€” MONOSACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES, GLYCOCONJUGATES, AND CARBOHYDRATE ROLES IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY PEARSON FUTCH

INTRODUCTION TO

CARBOHYDRATES

  • Carbs = Cn(H 2 O)n
  • General formula: 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for every C atom
  • Roles:
  • Energy: store and provide
  • Structure: make up cell walls and exoskeletons
  • Signaling: involved in cell signaling and immune recognition

CYCLIZATION & MUTAROTATION

  • MONOSACCHARIDES CYCLIZE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
  • HEMIACETAL FORMATION BETWEEN C=O AND โ€“ OH GROUP
  • CREATES A NEW CHIRAL CENTER: THE ANOMERIC CARBON
  • ๐›ผ - AND ๐›ฝ - ANOMERS DIFFER IN OH POSITION AT ANOMERIC C
  • MUTAROTATION: ๐›ผ โ‡Œ ๐›ฝ INTERCONVERSION IN SOLUTION

DISACCHARIDES

  • FORMED VIA GLYCOSIDIC

BONDS (CONDENSATION

REACTION BETWEEN TWO

MONOSACCHARIDES)

  • COMMON EXAMPLES:
    • MALTOSE = GLUCOSE +

GLUCOSE (๐›ผ1โ†’4)

  • LACTOSE =

GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE

  • SUCROSE = GLUCOSE +

FRUCTOSE (๐›ผ 1 โ†’ ๐›ฝ2)

  • BOND TYPE AFFECTS DIGESTIBILITY AND ENZYME SPECIFICITY

POLYSACCHARIDES - STRUCTURAL

  • CELLULOSE (PLANTS):
    • ๐›ฝ(1โ†’4) LINKAGES, STRAIGHT CHAINS
    • HYDROGEN BONDING BETWEEN CHAINS ADDS STRENGTH
  • CHITIN (FUNGI, ARTHROPODS):
    • SIMILAR TO CELLULOSE BUT WITH N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE UNITS AND OFTEN COMBINED WITH PROTEINS AND CALCIUM CARBONATE FOR ADDED TOUGHNESS

OLIGOSACCHARIDES & FUNCTION

  • Found on glycoproteins and glycolipids Involved in cell- cell recognition and signaling Play roles in immune response and development

GLYCOPROTEINS N-linked (Asn) vs O-linked (Ser/Thr) Affect folding, stability, and trafficking Common in hormones, enzymes, antibodies

GLYCOLIPIDS

  • LIPID + CARBOHYDRATE HEADGROUP
  • FOUND ON OUTER MEMBRANE SURFACE
  • INVOLVED IN CELL RECOGNITION AND SIGNALING
  • IMPORTANT IN BRAIN AND NERVE TISSUE

CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS BENEDICTโ€™S TEST: DETECTS REDUCING SUGARS (COLOR CHANGE) HPLC & MASS SPECTROMETRY: IDENTIFY AND QUANTIFY SPECIFIC SUGARS LECTIN ARRAYS: DETECT GLYCAN- BINDING PATTERNS ON PROTEINS USED IN FOOD TESTING, DIAGNOSTICS, AND GLYCOMICS RESEARCH

SUGARS IN NUCLEIC ACIDS

โ€ข RIBOSE (RNA) VS DEOXYRIBOSE (DNA)

DNA/RNA BACKBONE

  • PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS

LINK 3'-OH TO 5'-

PHOSPHATE

  • CREATES SUGAR- PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
  • DIRECTIONALITY: 5' โ†’ 3'
  • BACKBONE IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED AND STABLE

MODIFIED SUGARS & EPIGENETICS

  • 5 - METHYLCYTOSINE: COMMON IN DNA, REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION
  • 2'-O-METHYLRIBOSE: FOUND IN RNA, INCREASES STABILITY
  • IMPORTANT FOR EPIGENETICS, RNA PROCESSING, AND IMMUNE EVASION

CLINICAL TIE-IN: GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISORDERS

  • Type I (Von Gierke):
  • Deficiency in glucose-

6 - phosphatase

  • Causes low blood

sugar, enlarged liver

Type V (McArdle):

  • Deficiency in muscle

glycogen

phosphorylase

  • Leads to muscle

cramps during exercise

CARBOHYDRATES & DISEASE: BLOOD SUGAR AND DIABETES

  • CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DIRECTLY AFFECTS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
  • INSULIN REGULATES UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS
  • IMPAIRED INSULIN FUNCTION โ†’ HYPERGLYCEMIA โ†’ DIABETES
  • LONG-TERM EFFECTS: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, NERVE DAMAGE, VISION LOSS