Carbohydrates: CH2O Ratio, Aldoses, Hexoses, Chirality, Cyclic Monosaccharides, and Bonds , Study notes of Biology

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XIV. Carbohydrate

A. Appr CH 2 O ratio B. Aldoses & hexoses C. Chirality D. Cyclic monosaccharides E. Glycosidic bonds F. Benedict’s test

A. Appr CH 2 O ratio

1. C 6 H 12 O 6 - glucose, fructose, & galactose
2. C 5 H 10 O 5 - ribose
3. C 12 H 22 O 11 - sucrose, maltose, lactose
4. C 5 H 10 O 4 - deoxyribose

C. Chirality

1. Chiral carbon- four different atoms or functional groups attached
2. Chiral molecules form mirror images
3. Enantiomers- stereoisomers that are chiral
4. Glyceraldehyde
5. Glucose

4. Glyceraldehyde

a. D-glyceraldehyde b. L-glyceraldehyde

Hydroxyl is on Hydroxyl is on right left

D. Cyclic Monosaccharides

1. C5 – OH reacts with carbonyl carbon & forms a cyclic hemiacetal ring
2. Fructose
3. Glucose

3. Fructose

a. Former carbonyl carbon is the anomeric carbon b. C5 – OH is either a or b

b-D-fructose Fischer Haworth

2. Glucose

a. b is more stable

a-D-glucose Fischer Haworth

a. Glucose anomers

a-D-glucose b-D-glucose (36%) trace (64%)

1. Disaccharides

a. Maltose b. Lactose c. Sucrose d. Amygdalin

a. Maltose (malt sugar)

1.) Glucose & glucose in a-1,4 bond

c. Sucrose (table, beet, or cane sugar)

1.) Glucose & fructose in a,b-1,2 bond

d. Amygdalin

1.) Glucose & glucose in a-1,6 bond

a. Starch

1.) Amylose (20%)- repeating glucose units in a-1,4 bonds, a-amylase

2.) Amylopectin (80%)- repeating glucose units in a-1,4 bonds with a-1,6 bonds every 24-30 glucose units

b. Cellulose

1.) Repeating glucose units in b-1, bonds, every other glucose is inverted, no b-amylase in humans