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California UC A–G Ag/Horticulture Pathways, covering Units 1–5 (Plant and Crop Science) and Unit 34 (Career Options) Questions And Correct Answers Plus Rationales 2025
Typology: Exams
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1. What is the process by which green plants use sunlight to make food? A. Germination B. Photosynthesis C. Respiration D. Transpiration
2. What is the primary function of plant roots? A. Photosynthesis B. Reproduction C. Water and nutrient absorption D. Seed dispersal
3. What type of soil particle is the smallest and holds water the best? A. Sand B. Silt C. Clay D. Loam
4. Which part of the plant is responsible for reproduction in flowering plants? A. Flower B. Leaf C. Stem D. Root
5. Which plant hormone is responsible for cell elongation and growth? A. Cytokinin B. Ethylene C. Auxin D. Gibberellin
6. Which of the following is considered a micronutrient for plants? A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Zinc D. Potassium
11. What is the correct term for the movement of water through a plant from roots to leaves? A. Osmosis B. Transpiration C. Diffusion D. Fertigation
12. Which of the following careers involves designing landscapes for aesthetics and function? A. Landscape architect B. Soil scientist C. Crop advisor D. Agronomist
13. Which macronutrient is most responsible for leafy green growth in plants? A. Nitrogen B. Potassium
C. Calcium D. Phosphorus
14. Which part of the plant conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves? A. Xylem B. Phloem C. Stomata D. Cambium
15. What is the process of selectively breeding plants to enhance desired traits called? A. Grafting B. Plant breeding C. Cultivation D. Cross-pollination
16. Which environmental factor most directly influences seed germination? A. Wind B. Temperature C. Soil structure D. Pruning
20. Which California crop is most associated with the Central Valley region? A. Bananas B. Oranges C. Almonds D. Pineapples
21. Which layer of soil contains the most organic matter and nutrients? A. Topsoil B. Subsoil C. Parent material D. Bedrock
22. A person studying plant genetics and improvement is called a: A. Horticulturist B. Plant breeder C. Botanist D. Agronomist
23. What is the female reproductive part of a flower called? A. Stamen
B. Pistil C. Petal D. Anther
24. What does IPM stand for in agricultural management? A. International Plant Movement B. Integrated Pest Management C. Insect Population Management D. Irrigation and Pest Monitoring
25. Which element helps plants resist drought and strengthens stems? A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Boron
26. What tool measures soil pH accurately? A. Rain gauge B. pH meter C. Tensiometer D. Hydrometer
B. Wheat C. Soybeans D. Cotton
31. Which plant organ contains stomata for gas exchange? A. Leaf B. Stem C. Flower D. Root
32. What is the practice of rotating different crops in the same field called? A. Crop rotation B. Intercropping C. Monocropping D. Fallowing
33. What is the best example of an annual crop? A. Apple tree B. Lettuce C. Alfalfa D. Grapevine
34. What job requires extensive knowledge of soil and fertilizer use? A. Veterinarian B. Agronomist C. Welder D. Livestock inspector
35. Which part of the flower produces pollen? A. Pistil B. Ovary C. Anther D. Stigma
36. The movement of sugar throughout the plant is done by: A. Xylem B. Phloem C. Cambium D. Cuticle
37. What does a soil texture triangle measure? A. pH B. Soil composition of sand, silt, and clay C. Fertilizer rate D. Organic matter content
D. Biotechnology
42. What is the name for a plant that lives more than two years? A. Annual B. Biennial C. Perennial D. Monocot
43. Which soil color indicates high organic content? A. Yellow B. Red C. Dark brown/black D. White
44. Which career requires knowledge of pesticides and safety protocols? A. Food inspector B. Pest control advisor C. Livestock breeder D. Agricultural economist
45. Which nutrient is most important for strong root development? A. Nitrogen
B. Phosphorus C. Zinc D. Iron
46. The point where the leaf blade meets the stem is called the: A. Stoma B. Node C. Apical meristem D. Anther
47. What is a common tool for measuring plant growth? A. Tensiometer B. Soil probe C. Ruler or caliper D. PH strip
48. What type of horticulture involves growing flowers? A. Pomology B. Floriculture C. Olericulture D. Silviculture
52. Which part of the plant anchors it and absorbs water and minerals? A. Leaf B. Stem C. Root D. Flower
53. What is the primary function of guard cells in leaves? A. Photosynthesis B. Controlling stomata opening/closing C. Producing pollen D. Transporting nutrients
54. Which type of crop is typically grown to cover and protect soil between harvests? A. Row crop B. Cash crop C. Cover crop D. Perennial crop
55. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of organic matter in soil? A. Increases water retention B. Improves nutrient availability
C. Reduces soil aeration D. Supports microbial life
56. What is the scientific name for the process of seed sprouting? A. Pollination B. Fertilization C. Germination D. Dormancy
57. Which structure in the plant conducts food from leaves to the rest of the plant? A. Xylem B. Cambium C. Phloem D. Stomata
58. Which of the following best describes a biennial plant? A. Grows and dies in one year B. Lives two years, flowering in the second C. Lives indefinitely D. Grows fruit continuously
6 2. Which of the following careers works to ensure safe food handling and labeling? A. Horticulturist B. Agronomist C. Food safety inspector D. Irrigation specialist
63. Which gas is most used during photosynthesis? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen
64. What term describes a plant’s upward growth response to light? A. Gravitropism B. Phototropism C. Thigmotropism D. Hydrotropism
65. Which element is considered a secondary nutrient for plants? A. Nitrogen B. Iron C. Calcium D. Boron
66. What’s the best pH range for nutrient availability in most soils? A. 4.0–5. B. 7.5–8. C. 6.0–7. D. 5.0–5.
67. Which of these is an example of a nonrenewable resource in agriculture? A. Phosphate rock B. Compost C. Cover crop D. Rainwater
68. What is the purpose of the cambium layer in a plant? A. Store sugars B. Transport nutrients C. Produce new xylem and phloem D. Prevent water loss
69. Which structure allows plant cells to store water and nutrients? A. Nucleus