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California UC A–G Ag/Horticulture Pathways, covering Units 1–5 (Plant and Crop Science) a, Exams of Gardening and Horticulture

California UC A–G Ag/Horticulture Pathways, covering Units 1–5 (Plant and Crop Science) and Unit 34 (Career Options) Questions And Correct Answers Plus Rationales 2025

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2024/2025

Available from 07/03/2025

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California UC AG Ag/Horticulture Pathways, covering Units 15 (Plant
and Crop Science) and Unit 34 (Career Options) Questions And Correct
Answers Plus Rationales 2025
1. What is the process by which green plants use sunlight to make food?
A. Germination
B. Photosynthesis
C. Respiration
D. Transpiration
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.
2. What is the primary function of plant roots?
A. Photosynthesis
B. Reproduction
C. Water and nutrient absorption
D. Seed dispersal
Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant in
place.
3. What type of soil particle is the smallest and holds water the best?
A. Sand
B. Silt
C. Clay
D. Loam
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Download California UC A–G Ag/Horticulture Pathways, covering Units 1–5 (Plant and Crop Science) a and more Exams Gardening and Horticulture in PDF only on Docsity!

California UC A–G Ag/Horticulture Pathways , covering Units 1– 5 (Plant

and Crop Science) and Unit 34 (Career Options) Questions And Correct

Answers Plus Rationales 2025

1. What is the process by which green plants use sunlight to make food? A. Germination B. Photosynthesis C. Respiration D. Transpiration

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon

dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

2. What is the primary function of plant roots? A. Photosynthesis B. Reproduction C. Water and nutrient absorption D. Seed dispersal

Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant in

place.

3. What type of soil particle is the smallest and holds water the best? A. Sand B. Silt C. Clay D. Loam

Clay particles are the smallest and can hold the most water, though

they may hinder drainage.

4. Which part of the plant is responsible for reproduction in flowering plants? A. Flower B. Leaf C. Stem D. Root

The flower is the reproductive structure in angiosperms, responsible for

producing seeds.

5. Which plant hormone is responsible for cell elongation and growth? A. Cytokinin B. Ethylene C. Auxin D. Gibberellin

Auxins promote elongation of cells in shoots and are crucial for plant

growth and phototropism.

6. Which of the following is considered a micronutrient for plants? A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Zinc D. Potassium

Micronutrients like zinc are required in smaller quantities but are

essential for plant development.

C. 8.0–9.

D. 5.0–5.

Most plants grow best in slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 6.0–7.0).

11. What is the correct term for the movement of water through a plant from roots to leaves? A. Osmosis B. Transpiration C. Diffusion D. Fertigation

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its

evaporation from aerial parts.

12. Which of the following careers involves designing landscapes for aesthetics and function? A. Landscape architect B. Soil scientist C. Crop advisor D. Agronomist

Landscape architects plan and design outdoor spaces for beauty and

utility.

13. Which macronutrient is most responsible for leafy green growth in plants? A. Nitrogen B. Potassium

C. Calcium D. Phosphorus

Nitrogen supports vegetative growth, especially in leaves.

14. Which part of the plant conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves? A. Xylem B. Phloem C. Stomata D. Cambium

The xylem transports water and dissolved nutrients upward from the

roots.

15. What is the process of selectively breeding plants to enhance desired traits called? A. Grafting B. Plant breeding C. Cultivation D. Cross-pollination

Plant breeding develops crops with improved yield, disease resistance,

or adaptability.

16. Which environmental factor most directly influences seed germination? A. Wind B. Temperature C. Soil structure D. Pruning

Tissue culture produces clones and is commonly used in commercial

plant production.

20. Which California crop is most associated with the Central Valley region? A. Bananas B. Oranges C. Almonds D. Pineapples

Almonds are one of the major crops grown in California’s Central Valley.

21. Which layer of soil contains the most organic matter and nutrients? A. Topsoil B. Subsoil C. Parent material D. Bedrock

Topsoil is rich in organic matter and supports most plant roots.

22. A person studying plant genetics and improvement is called a: A. Horticulturist B. Plant breeder C. Botanist D. Agronomist

Plant breeders focus on improving plant traits through genetic selection.

23. What is the female reproductive part of a flower called? A. Stamen

B. Pistil C. Petal D. Anther

The pistil includes the stigma, style, and ovary – the female parts of a

flower.

24. What does IPM stand for in agricultural management? A. International Plant Movement B. Integrated Pest Management C. Insect Population Management D. Irrigation and Pest Monitoring

IPM uses biological, cultural, and chemical tools for sustainable pest

control.

25. Which element helps plants resist drought and strengthens stems? A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Boron

Potassium improves drought resistance and strengthens cell walls.

26. What tool measures soil pH accurately? A. Rain gauge B. pH meter C. Tensiometer D. Hydrometer

A pH meter provides accurate readings of soil acidity or alkalinity.

B. Wheat C. Soybeans D. Cotton

Wheat is a cereal grain grown for its edible seeds.

31. Which plant organ contains stomata for gas exchange? A. Leaf B. Stem C. Flower D. Root

Stomata on leaves regulate gas exchange and transpiration.

32. What is the practice of rotating different crops in the same field called? A. Crop rotation B. Intercropping C. Monocropping D. Fallowing

Crop rotation improves soil health and reduces pest/disease buildup.

33. What is the best example of an annual crop? A. Apple tree B. Lettuce C. Alfalfa D. Grapevine

Annual crops like lettuce complete their life cycle in one season.

34. What job requires extensive knowledge of soil and fertilizer use? A. Veterinarian B. Agronomist C. Welder D. Livestock inspector

Agronomists advise on soil fertility and crop production.

35. Which part of the flower produces pollen? A. Pistil B. Ovary C. Anther D. Stigma

The anther, part of the stamen, generates and releases pollen.

36. The movement of sugar throughout the plant is done by: A. Xylem B. Phloem C. Cambium D. Cuticle

Phloem carries sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

37. What does a soil texture triangle measure? A. pH B. Soil composition of sand, silt, and clay C. Fertilizer rate D. Organic matter content

The triangle helps determine soil type based on particle percentages.

D. Biotechnology

Organic farming avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

42. What is the name for a plant that lives more than two years? A. Annual B. Biennial C. Perennial D. Monocot

Perennials live and bloom over multiple seasons.

43. Which soil color indicates high organic content? A. Yellow B. Red C. Dark brown/black D. White

Darker soil usually means more organic matter and nutrients.

44. Which career requires knowledge of pesticides and safety protocols? A. Food inspector B. Pest control advisor C. Livestock breeder D. Agricultural economist

Pest control advisors recommend safe and legal pesticide usage in

agriculture.

45. Which nutrient is most important for strong root development? A. Nitrogen

B. Phosphorus C. Zinc D. Iron

Phosphorus supports root growth and energy transfer in plants.

46. The point where the leaf blade meets the stem is called the: A. Stoma B. Node C. Apical meristem D. Anther

Nodes are areas where leaves, branches, or flowers originate on the

stem.

47. What is a common tool for measuring plant growth? A. Tensiometer B. Soil probe C. Ruler or caliper D. PH strip

Growth is tracked using physical measurements of plant height or stem

thickness.

48. What type of horticulture involves growing flowers? A. Pomology B. Floriculture C. Olericulture D. Silviculture

Floriculture is the study and cultivation of flowering plants.

52. Which part of the plant anchors it and absorbs water and minerals? A. Leaf B. Stem C. Root D. Flower

Roots are responsible for anchoring the plant and absorbing

water/nutrients from the soil.

53. What is the primary function of guard cells in leaves? A. Photosynthesis B. Controlling stomata opening/closing C. Producing pollen D. Transporting nutrients

Guard cells regulate gas exchange and water loss by opening and

closing the stomata.

54. Which type of crop is typically grown to cover and protect soil between harvests? A. Row crop B. Cash crop C. Cover crop D. Perennial crop

Cover crops prevent erosion, improve soil fertility, and suppress weeds.

55. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of organic matter in soil? A. Increases water retention B. Improves nutrient availability

C. Reduces soil aeration D. Supports microbial life

Excessive compaction reduces aeration, but organic matter typically

enhances it.

56. What is the scientific name for the process of seed sprouting? A. Pollination B. Fertilization C. Germination D. Dormancy

Germination is the development of a seed into a new plant under the

right conditions.

57. Which structure in the plant conducts food from leaves to the rest of the plant? A. Xylem B. Cambium C. Phloem D. Stomata

Phloem moves sugars and other metabolic products from the leaves

throughout the plant.

58. Which of the following best describes a biennial plant? A. Grows and dies in one year B. Lives two years, flowering in the second C. Lives indefinitely D. Grows fruit continuously

6 2. Which of the following careers works to ensure safe food handling and labeling? A. Horticulturist B. Agronomist C. Food safety inspector D. Irrigation specialist

Food safety inspectors monitor compliance with food safety regulations.

63. Which gas is most used during photosynthesis? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen

Plants use CO₂ to produce glucose through photosynthesis.

64. What term describes a plant’s upward growth response to light? A. Gravitropism B. Phototropism C. Thigmotropism D. Hydrotropism

Phototropism is a plant's directional growth response toward light.

65. Which element is considered a secondary nutrient for plants? A. Nitrogen B. Iron C. Calcium D. Boron

Calcium is a secondary nutrient essential for cell wall structure and

growth.

66. What’s the best pH range for nutrient availability in most soils? A. 4.0–5. B. 7.5–8. C. 6.0–7. D. 5.0–5.

Most plant nutrients are readily available between pH 6.0–7.5.

67. Which of these is an example of a nonrenewable resource in agriculture? A. Phosphate rock B. Compost C. Cover crop D. Rainwater

Phosphate rock is mined and cannot be replenished naturally on a

human timescale.

68. What is the purpose of the cambium layer in a plant? A. Store sugars B. Transport nutrients C. Produce new xylem and phloem D. Prevent water loss

The cambium is a growth tissue that produces vascular tissues.

69. Which structure allows plant cells to store water and nutrients? A. Nucleus