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C784 Applied Healthcare Statistics FULL COURSE REVIEW, Exams of Applied Statistics

C784 Applied Healthcare Statistics FULL COURSE REVIEW Lurking Variable - correct answer Associated with the explanatory and the response variables that is not directly being studied. Simpson's Paradox - correct answer Occurs when a trend or result that appears in groups of data disappears when we combine the data. Regression Analysis - correct answer A process for estimating and analyzing the relationship between variables. Least-Squares Regression Line - correct answer AKA the line of best fit.

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2023/2024

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C784 Applied Healthcare Statistics
FULL COURSE REVIEW
Lurking Variable - correct answer Associated with the explanatory and the response variables
that is not directly being studied.
Simpson's Paradox - correct answer Occurs when a trend or result that appears in groups of
data disappears when we combine the data.
Regression Analysis - correct answer A process for estimating and analyzing the relationship
between variables.
Least-Squares Regression Line - correct answer AKA the line of best fit.
y = mx + b
"rise over run"
Interpolation - correct answer Using existing data along with the Least-Squares Regression Line
to make a prediction.
Extrapolation - correct answer Estimation by projecting OUTSIDE known data points.
p-value - correct answer the probability that a result occurred by chance
Significance Levels in Hypothesis Testing - correct answer Statistically Significant: If a measured
p-value is less than the significance level.
NOT Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is MORE than the significance level.
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C784 Applied Healthcare Statistics

FULL COURSE REVIEW

Lurking Variable - correct answer Associated with the explanatory and the response variables that is not directly being studied. Simpson's Paradox - correct answer Occurs when a trend or result that appears in groups of data disappears when we combine the data. Regression Analysis - correct answer A process for estimating and analyzing the relationship between variables. Least-Squares Regression Line - correct answer AKA the line of best fit. y = mx + b "rise over run" Interpolation - correct answer Using existing data along with the Least-Squares Regression Line to make a prediction. Extrapolation - correct answer Estimation by projecting OUTSIDE known data points. p-value - correct answer the probability that a result occurred by chance Significance Levels in Hypothesis Testing - correct answer Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is less than the significance level. NOT Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is MORE than the significance level.

Empirical Rule - correct answer 68 - 95 - 99. 68% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean 95% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean 99.7% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean Used for Categorical (Qual) Data - correct answer Bar Chart Pie Chart Mean - correct answer Average - adding series then dividing by the total number in that series Center & Spread Measures - correct answer SYMMETRIC - Mean (center) / Standard Deviation (spread) SKEWED - Median (center) / IQR (spread) CATEGORICAL - Mode (center) / no spread What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? - correct answer BAR CHART - Categorical data distributed over groups of categories HISTOGRAM - Quantitative data distributed over various intervals Outlier Formula - correct answer 1.5 x IQR above Q3 or below Q Graphical Displays for Quantitative Variables - correct answer HISTOGRAMS - large data sets

Right and Left Skew - correct answer Right Skewed is positive (tail li.) Left Skewed is negative (tail .iI) Define Explanatory vs Response Variable - correct answer EXPLANATORY VARIABLE (x/independent) - presumed to possible cause change in the response variable RESPONSE VARIABLE (y/dependent) presumed to be affected by the explanatory variable Correlation Coefficient - correct answer aka "r", describes the direction and strength of the relationship of variables on a scatterplot. Between -1 and + 0 = no correlation -1 = perfect negative correlation 1 = perfect positive correlation Linear Regression Equation - correct answer aka the line of best fit, y = mx + b slope is m b is y intercep y is y (response) variable x is x (explanatory) variable Qualitative Descriptions with their Quantitative Probability - correct answer Impossible = 0% possibility Unlikely = 1% to 30% probability

As likely as unlikely = 40% to 60% probability Likely - 70% to 99% probability Certain - 100% probability Sample Space - correct answer Denoted by "S", this is all possible outcomes in an experiment 3 ways of finding S: Lists, Trees and Tables Theoretical (Classical) Probability - correct answer P(A) = # of outcomes of event / total # of outcomes in S (in this formula, A represents the event) Example: rolling a 2 on a 6 sided die P(2) = 1/6 P(2) =. Empirical (Observational) Probability - correct answer This is based on an experiment. Relative frequency of an event = number of times event occurs / total number of trials The Law of Large Numbers - correct answer as the number of trials increases, the relative frequency approaches the theoretical probability Complementary Event - correct answer an event NOT happening Disjoint Event - correct answer Event that cannot overlap or occur at the same time. P (A and B) = 0 P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B)

Probability and Complementary Rule w/ Formulas - correct answer Number of desired events/Total number of events

the complement/Total number of events

OR P(A) + P(not A) = 1 1 - P(A) = P(not A) 1 - P(not A) = P(A) Because "at least one X" and "no X" are complements, it is always true that - correct answer P(at least one X) = 1 - P(no X)