Download Overview of Human Body Systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Car and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity!
BYU PDBIO 220 Exam 1 (CH 1-7) 2024
define anatomy - ANS>> scientific study of the body's structures define physiology - ANS>> scientific study of the body's functions define gross anatomy - ANS>> study of larger structures of the body define microscope anatomy - ANS>> study of structures of the body that can only be seen with the use of a microscope describe in order of increasing complexity the levels of structural organization of the body - ANS>> molecule < cell < tissue < organ < organ system < organism name the basic structures and function of the integumentary system - ANS>> -hair, skin, nails -encloses internal body structures -site of many sensory receptors name the basic structures and function of the skeletal system - ANS>> -cartilage, bones, joints -supports the body -enables movement (with muscular system) name the basic structures and function of the muscular system - ANS>> -skeletal muscles, tendons -enables movement (with skeletal system) -helps maintain body temperature name the basic structures and function of the nervous system - ANS>> -brain, spinal cord, nerves -detects and processes sensory information -activates bodily responses name the basic structures and function of the endocrine system - ANS>> -pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries -secretes hormones regulates bodily processes name the basic structures and function of the cardiovascular system - ANS>> -heart, blood vessels -delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues -equalizes temperature in the body
name the basic structures and function of the lymphatic system - ANS>> -thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels -returns fluid to blood -defends against pathogens name the basic structures and function of the respiratory system - ANS>> -nasal cavity, trachea, lungs -removes carbon dioxide from the body -delivers oxygen to the blood name the basic structures and function of the digestive system - ANS>> -stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine -processes food for use by the body -removes wastes from undigested food name the basic structures and function of the urinary system - ANS>> -kidneys, urinary bladder -controls water balance in the body -removes wastes from blood and excretes them name the basic structures and function of the reproductive system (male and female) - ANS>> male: -epididymus, testes -produces sex hormones and gametes -delivers gametes to female female: -mammary glands, ovaries, uterus -produces sex hormones and gametes -supports embryo/fetus until birth -produces milk for infant anterior/ventral - ANS>> front posterior/dorsal - ANS>> back superior/rostral/cranial - ANS>> up/toward the head inferior/caudal - ANS>> down/toward the "tail" lateral - ANS>> toward the sides medial - ANS>> towards the middle median - ANS>> the mid-line proximal - ANS>> on appendages, toward the center
carpus/carpal - ANS>> wrist pollex - ANS>> thumb palma/palmar - ANS>> palm digital/phalangeal - ANS>> fingers/toes abomdinal - ANS>> adbomen umbilical/umbilicus - ANS>> navel/bellybutton coxal - ANS>> hip pelvic - ANS>> pelvis inguen/inguinal - ANS>> groin pubic/pubis - ANS>> genital region femoral - ANS>> femur/thigh patella/patellar - ANS>> kneecap crural/crus - ANS>> shin tarsus/tarsal - ANS>> ankle pes/pedal - ANS>> foot cephalon/cephalic - ANS>> head acromial - ANS>> shoulder dorsal/dorsum - ANS>> back olecranon/olecranal - ANS>> back of the elbow lumbar/lumbus - ANS>> lower back/loin sacral - ANS>> sacrum manus/manual - ANS>> hand gluteal/gluteus - ANS>> buttock
politeus/popliteal - ANS>> back of the knee sura/sural - ANS>> calf calcaneus/calcaneal - ANS>> heel planta/plantar - ANS>> sole of the foot parts of the dorsal cavity - ANS>> -cranial cavity -spinal (vertebral) cavity parts of the ventral cavity - ANS>> -thoracic cavity -abdominopelvic cavity parts of the thoracic cavity - ANS>> -superior mediastinum -plural cavity -pericardial cavity within the mediastinum parts of the abdominopelvic cavity - ANS>> -abdominal cavity -pelvic cavity what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? - ANS>> diaphragm organs of the pleural cavity - ANS>> lungs organs of the superior mediastinum cavity - ANS>> thymus, trachea, esophagus organ of the pericardial cavity within the mediastinum cavity - ANS>> heart organs of the abdominal cavity - ANS>> digestive organs organs of the pelvic cavity - ANS>> reproductive organs organs of the right upper quadrant - ANS>> -bulk of the liver -gallbladder organs of the left upper quadrant - ANS>> -stomach -spleen -pancreas organs of the left and right lower quadrants - ANS>> -urinary bladder -most of the small and large intestines -appendix (right)
identify the 3 parts of the prenatal period - ANS>> -pre-embryonic (weeks 1-2) -embryonic (weeks 3-8) -fetal (weeks 9-38) steps of pre-embryonic period - ANS>> -fertilization (sperm enters egg) -zygote (single-celled fertilized egg) -cleavage (cell splits into more cells, stays the same size overall) -morula (16-celled mass) -blastocyst (made of outer shell called the trophoblast and inner cell mass, fluid center is blastocoel) -implantation (occurs at the end of the first week) what happens to the trophoblast after successful implantation? - ANS>> -the superficial cells fuse and form the syncytiotrophoblast (multinucleated body that digests endometrial cells to burrow into uterine wall) -the remaining cells are called the cytotrophoblast trophoblast becomes: inner cell mass becomes: - ANS>> -placenta/amnion -embryo bilaminar disc - ANS>> two-layered disc (epiblasts and hypoblasts) that forms from the inner cell mass at the beginning of the second week amniotic cavity - ANS>> space that opens between the bilaminar disc and trophoblast yolk sac - ANS>> fluid filled cavity opposite the hypoblasts that provides nutrients to the trophoblast chorion - ANS>> membrane that surrounds all the others, envelops the embryo, yolk sac, and amnion gastrulation - ANS>> -occurs at the beginning of the third week (embryonic period) -primitive streak forms -epiblasts invaginate through the primitive streak to form the endoderm and the mesoderm -remaining epiblasts is the ectoderm primitive streak - ANS>> indentation along dorsal surface of the epiblasts primary germ layers - ANS>> -endoderm (first layer) -mesoderm (second layer) -ectoderm (third layer) derivatives of primary germ layers - ANS>> -endoderm becomes: digestive and respiratory systems
-mesoderm becomes: heart, kidneys, muscular and skeletal systems -ectoderm becomes: nervous system and skin transverse folding - ANS>> the 3 layers form a cylindrical shape forming a tube called the primitive gut (lined with endoderm) cephalocaudal folding - ANS>> "head to tail" folding, forms fetal position steps of neurulation - ANS>> -neural plate (same level as ectoderm) begins to be pulled down by the notochord (same level as mesoderm) -notochord pulling on the neural plate causes it to form a neural groove -the neural groove pinches off and the ectoderm forms over the top of it -the pinched off portion is the neural tube, which becomes the brain and spinal cord organogenesis - ANS>> -occurs after gastrulation and body folding -limbs form from limb buds -rudimentary organ systems develop by week 8 -embryo is 1 inch long by week 8 what happens during the fetal period - ANS>> growth and maturation of existing organs what is considered premature birth - ANS>> any week before 38 what is the earliest a premature infant can survive - ANS>> 30 weeks without lifesaving measures, 22 with 4 types of tissue - ANS>> -nervous -epithelial -muscular -connective 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue - ANS>> -highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix -polar, apical and basal surface -attaches to a basement membrane -avascular (no blood supply) -high regeneration (frequently sheds and grows new cells) 3 functions of epithelial tissue - ANS>> -physical protection -selective permeability -secretion tight junctions - ANS>> -like surgical sutures -prevents material from slipping through cells -separates apical and basal surfaces
-simple coiled tubular -simple branched tubular simple alveolar (acinar) - ANS>> not in adults, it is a stage in the development of simple branched alveolar glands simple branched alveolar - ANS>> sebaceous (oil) glands simple tubular - ANS>> intestinal glands simple coiled tubular - ANS>> merocrine sweat glands simple branched tubular - ANS>> -gastric glands -mucous glands of the esophagus, tongue, and duodenum endocrine glands - ANS>> -ductless -secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream 3 forms of secretion - ANS>> -apocrine -merocrine -holocrine merocrine secretion - ANS>> secretory vesicles from the golgi apparatus move to the surface to release secretions apocrine secretion - ANS>> -secretory vesicles from the golgi apparatus move to the top portion which is pinched off -the pinched off portion is the secretion holocrine secretion - ANS>> -think "holocaust"-- it results in mass death -mature cell dies and becomes the secretion connective tissue structure - ANS>> sparse cells in a large extracellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substance 6 connective tissue functions - ANS>> -physical protection -support and structural framework -binding of structures -storage -transport (blood) -immune protection 3 types of connective tissue - ANS>> -connective tissue proper -supporting connective tissue -fluid connective tissue
2 types of connective tissue proper - ANS>> -loose connective tissue -dense connective tissue 3 types of loose connective tissue - ANS>> -adipose -areolar -reticular loose areolar connective tissue structure and function - ANS>> -fibroblast cells in loose collagen and elastic fibers, abundant gel-like ground substance -surrounds and protects tissues and organs -loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues loose adipose connective tissue structure and function - ANS>> -adipocytes in loose extracellular matrix -stores energy, protects, cushions, insulates loose reticular connective tissue structure and function - ANS>> -lymphocytes and fibroblast cells in reticular fibers and gel-like liquid ground substance -provides support and framework for lymphatic organs and bone marrow 3 types of dense connective tissue - ANS>> -regular -irregular -elastic dense regular connective tissue structure, function, and location - ANS>> -dense parallel collagen fibers with fibroblasts between layers, sparse ground substance -resist stress applied in one direction -located in tendons and ligaments dense irregular connective tissue structure, function, and location - ANS>> -collagen fibers randomly clumped together with fibroblasts among them, sparse ground substance -resists stress in all directions -located in dermis and organ capsules dense elastic connective tissue structure and function - ANS>> -dense, branching elastic fibers with some fibroblasts between -allows stretching of arteries, airways, and some ligaments 2 types of supporting connective tissue - ANS>> -cartilage (semisolid matrix) -bone (solid matrix) cartilage structure - ANS>> chondrocytes in a semisolid extracellular matrix bone structure - ANS>> osteocytes in a calcified, solid extracellular matrix
-stratum corneum layers of thick skin deep to superficial - ANS>> -stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum location of thick skin - ANS>> palms of the hands, soles of the feet, fingers, and toes stratum basale - ANS>> -deepest layer -bound to dermis with intertwining collagen fibers -has epidermal ridges to increase surface area -made of a single layer of keratinocytes called basal stem cells -basal stem cells produce all the other keratinocytes -also contains merkel cells and melanocytes merkel cells - ANS>> -in the stratum basale -stimulates sensory nerves that the brain receives as touch melanocytes - ANS>> -in the stratum basale -produce the pigment melanin stratum spinosum - ANS>> -superficial to the stratum basale -spiny appearance because of desmosomes -have epidermal dendritic cells that act as macrophages -waterproof the skin with a glycolipid stratum granulosum - ANS>> -superficial to the stratum spinosum -appear grainy -all keratinocytes stratum lucidum - ANS>> -superficial to statum granulosum -only found in thick skin -translucent layer stratum corneum - ANS>> -superficial to the stratum lucidum/granulosum -most superficial layer -dry, dead layer -entire layer replaced every 4 weeks what causes skin color? - ANS>> -hemoglobin causes pink hue -melanocytes produce melanin -melanin production is activated with UV rays nevus - ANS>> -mole or birthmark caused by overgrowth of melanin-forming cells
-harmless unless it mutates freckles - ANS>> yellow/brown spots produced from excessive melanocyte activity (NOT increased cells) hemangioma - ANS>> deep red or purple color resulting from proliferation of blood vessels friction ridges - ANS>> -fingerprints -formed by the large folds/valleys where the dermis meets the epidermis vitiligo - ANS>> melanocytes lose ability to produce melanin in a certain area 3 characteristics of the dermis - ANS>> -2 layers -innervated -vascular two layers of the dermis and tissue type - ANS>> -reticular, made of dense irregular connective tissue (deep) -papillary, made of areolar connective tissue (superficial) scars - ANS>> damaged skin replaced by fibrous tissue (collagen) keloids - ANS>> scar tissue overproduction striae - ANS>> stretch marks, torn collagen wrinkles - ANS>> loss of collagen/elastic fibers, thinner skin hypodermis structure and function - ANS>> -areolar and adipose connective tissue -anchors skin, provides thermal insulation, energy reservoir nail body - ANS>> hard keratin structures that protect our fingertips-- the largest part of your nail nail root - ANS>> matrix of proliferating cells from which your nail body grows lunula - ANS>> "little moon", white colored portion near the nail root cuticle - ANS>> skin fold at the most proximal portion of the nail free edge - ANS>> most distal end of the nail hair shaft layers - ANS>> -medulla -cortex -cuticle
hyaline cartilage characteristics and locations - ANS>> -resilient but flexible -found at articulations -respiratory system, costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton fibrocartilage characteristics and locations - ANS>> -made with thick collagen fibers -shock absorber -intervertebral discs, menisci of knee and jaw, pubic symphysis elastic cartilage characteristics and locations - ANS>> -contains elastic fibers -flexibility -external ear, epiglottis chondroblasts - ANS>> cells that produce the cartilage matrix chondrocytes - ANS>> mature cartilage cells lacunae - ANS>> where chondrocytes reside extracellular matrix - ANS>> protein fibers in a gel-like ground substance perichondrium - ANS>> dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage three characteristics of cartilage - ANS>> -semirigid, weaker than bone -flexible and resilient because of elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and gel-like ground substance -avascular, so it receives nutrients through diffusion three functions of cartilage - ANS>> -supports soft tissues -articular surface for joints -provides a model for bone formation components of bone extracellular matrix - ANS>> -organic component (osteoid): contains collagen and other proteins -inorganic component (hydroxyapiate): contains calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate 5 functions of bones - ANS>> -support the body -protect vital organs -facilitate movement -hematopoiesis in the red bone marrow -mineral and energy storage (calcium phosphate in the matrix and adipose in the yellow bone marrow) examples of long bones - ANS>> humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
examples of short bones - ANS>> carpals, tarsals examples of flat bones - ANS>> skull, skapulae, sternum, ribs examples of irregular bones - ANS>> vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid examples of sesamoid bones - ANS>> patellas, small bones found in tendons of feet and hands 10 parts of a long bone with description - ANS>> -compact bone (cortical bone): thick bone found on the shaft -spongy bone (cancellous bone): bone with sponge-like holes found on the ends -diaphysis: middle portion of the bone -epiphysis: ends of the bone -metaphysis: epiphyseal plate or line where middle portion meets end portions -apophysis: bony projections that serve as ligament/tendon attachment sites -articular cartilage: protective cartilage at the joints -medullary cavity: center cavity that contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children -endosteum: layers of cells lining the spongy bone and medullary cavity -periosteum: dense irregular connective tissue surrounding outside of bone, connected to bone by perforating fibers purpose of nutrient foramina in bone - ANS>> passageway for nerves and blood supply into bones structure of flat bones - ANS>> -compact (cortical) bone: bread of the sandwich, composed of osteons and lined with periosteum -spongy (cancellous) bone: meat of the sandwich, composed of trabeculae, lined with endosteum, contains red bone marrow 4 types of bone cells and function - ANS>> -osteocytes: maintains bone tissue -osteoblasts: forms bone matrix -osteoclasts: resorbs bone -osteogenic cell: stem cell 6 parts of compact bone structure and their function - ANS>> -osteon (haversian system): structural unit, makes concentric rings -concentric lamellae: each individual ring of an osteon -central canal (haversian canal): main vertical canal in the bone for blood and lymph passage -perforating canal (volkmann's canal): branching horizontal canals from the central canal -osteocytes in lacunae: bone cells surrounded in a cocoon-like structure -canaliculi: small canals that connect osteocytes
parts of the appendicular skeleton - ANS>> pectoral girdle, upper limb, lower limb, pelvic girdle frontal bone - ANS>> parietal bone - ANS>> temporal bone - ANS>> sphenoid bone - ANS>> ethmoid bone - ANS>> lacrimal bone - ANS>> nasal bone - ANS>> zygomatic bone - ANS>> maxilla - ANS>> mandible - ANS>> occipital bone - ANS>> palatine bone - ANS>> vomer - ANS>> why do we have skull foramina and canals? - ANS>> for the passage of nerves and vessels cranial bones vs facial bones - ANS>> anterior cranial fossa - ANS>> middle cranial fossa - ANS>> posterior cranial fossa - ANS>> coronal suture - ANS>> sagittal suture - ANS>> lambdoid suture - ANS>>
squamous suture - ANS>> fontanelle - ANS>> the soft spot on babies before the sutures fuse together anterior fontanelle - ANS>> posterior fontanelle - ANS>> sphenoid fontanelle - ANS>> mastoid fontanelle - ANS>> purpose and location of the paranasal sinuses - ANS>> -ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, sphenoid sinuses -resonate the sound of your voice -make the skull lighter -lined with mucous membranes -drains mucous into nasal cavity to warm and humidify air vertebral column - ANS>> -7 cervical (C1-C7) -12 thoracic (T1-T12) -5 lumbar (L1-L5) -5 fused sacrum (S1-S5) -4 fused coccyx (Co1-Co4) scoliosis - ANS>> abnormal medial/lateral curvature of the spine kyphosis - ANS>> abnormal hunchback thoracic curvature of the spine lordosis - ANS>> abnormal swayback lumbar curvature of the spine weight-bearing structures of the vertebrae - ANS>> -body -intervertebral disc vertebral arch structures - ANS>> -pedicle -lamina vertebral process structures - ANS>> -transverse process -spinous process (picture) -articular process vertebral foramina - ANS>> -vertebral foramen -intervertebral foramen (picture)
