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Summary of the Burton article we had to read
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The article Individualism/collectivism and personality in Italian and American Groups, by Leslie Burton delves into the exploration of individualism and collectivism, two very important variables when studying cross cultural psychology. Individualistic cultures are described as prioritizing self and one's immediate family's well being, where in contrast collectivist cultures have more of a strong in group loyalty which does include family members, even extended members. When Italy and America were studied its important to take notice to the country level scores for italy and the united states being fairly high on the individualism level, where the US is just barely above italy when it comes to individualism. The article also discusses Markus and Kitayamas distinction between independent and interdependent self-construal. They describe independent self construal, when individuals view themselves as autonomous, hence they are separate from others. They will prioritize personal goals and desires and will strive for personal distinction. This is often associated with Western ideals and culture. In contrast they defined interdependent self-construal as a culture that emphasizes interconnectedness and relationships. They see themselves as part of group; like a family, community or society. Instead of their personal goals they will prioritize group goals and relationships. Importantly markus and Kitaymamas work show how important it is to consider cultural influences on cognition, behavior and identity formation, showing how individuals may navigate a social environment. Triandis and singelis take a broader approach, incorporating the horizontal and vertical dimensions. It then delves into aggregate personality trait assessments across multiple countries, highlighting the not so noticeable differences between the US and Italy, especially within neuroticism, openness and extraversion. It then explores country level individualism and personality traits. This data shows a positive association between high individualism and people being extraverts, open and agreeable. Individualism is generally associated with greater well being at the country level, where collectivism is linked with a better mental health and greater depression which exposes the nuanced nature of this association.
And overall the study shows how depression and well being are influenced by the alignment of personality traits within the cultures norm. The study shows that Italian samples would exhibit greater collectivism compared to the American sample. The study overall recruited 129 Italian participants and 86 American participants. Measures included the horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism scale to assess cultural orientation and the FEO-FFI to measure personality traits. The overall results revealed significant differences between American and Italian horizontal individualism, with Americans scoring higher, while Italians scored higher in openness. However no differences were found in other dimensions of individualism/collectivism personality traits. The Italian sample being higher in individualism was associated with greater neuroticism , where both horizontal and vertical collectivism was related to extraversion and agreeableness. This data suggest cultural context may influence the relationship between collectivism and independence with personality.