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First edition published 1991 by E & FN Spon Second edition published 1994 Third edition published 2000 Fourth edition published 2004
Fifth edition published 2007 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 1991, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2007 David V. Chadderton
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Chadderton, David V. (David Vincent), 1994– Building services engineering / David V. Chadderton. – 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN10: 0–415–41354–0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–41355–9 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–96299–0 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–41354–1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–41355–8 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–96299–2 (ebk)
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
ISBN 0- 203 - 96299 - 0 Master e-book ISBN
Table 2 Multiples and submultiples.
Quantity Name Symbol
10 12 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 10 −^3 milli m 10 −^6 micro μ
Table 3 Physical constants.
Gravitational acceleration g 9.807 m/s^2 Specific heat capacity of air SHC 1.012 kJ/kgK Specific heat capacity of water SHC 4.186 kJ/kgK Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ 5.67 × 10 −^8 W/m 2 K^4 Density of air at 20◦C, 1013.25 rnb ρ 1.205 kg/m^3 Density of water at 4◦C ρ 103 kg/m^3 Exponential e 2.
Symbol Description Units
A area m^2 electrical current A A f floor area m^2 physical constant dB A g cross-sectional area of gutter mm^2 A o area of water flow at gutter outlet mm^2 A r roof area m^2 A w walling area m^2 α (alpha) electrical temperature coefficient of resistance /◦C percentage depreciation and interest charge % absorption coefficient dimensionless α ¯ mean absorption coefficient dimensionless AET allowed exposure time min B building envelope number sound reduction index dB B f physical constant dB b barometric pressure bar, b β (beta) angle degree C fuel cost per appropriate unit carbon C 1 , C 2 constant C i interior air pollution decipol C o outdoor air pollution decipol C r room concentration % C s supply air concentration % C T concentration after time T % C 3 electrical load W/m 2 clo clothing thermal insulation C v ventilation coefficient CO 2 carbon dioxide %, ppm D gutter depth mm DI directivity index dB DU demand or discharge unit d pipe diameter m or mm distance m
Continued
Symbol Description Units
NR noise rating dimensionless n f number of storeys olf concentration of odorous pollutants (omega) electrical resistance ohm P pressure pascal permeance kg/Ns P carbon dioxide production Pa pressure pascal P 1, P 2 area fraction PD percentage of occupants dissatisfied % p s vapour pressure pascal φ (phi) angle degree Q fluid flow rate m^3 /s or l/s power kW geometric directivity factor dimensionless Q c convection heat transfer W Q e extract air flow rate m^3 /s Q ex exhaust air flow rate m^3 /s Q f fresh air flow rate m^3 /s Q f fabric heat loss W Q HWS hot water service power kW Q L leakage air flow rate m^3 /s Qp total heat requirement W Q r radiation heat transfer W recirculation air flow rate m^3 /s Q u heat flow through fabric W Q v ventilation heat loss W q water flow rate kg/s R resistance, electrical thermal m^2 K/ W room sound absorption constant m^2 R A combined resistance of pitched roof m^2 K/ W R a air space thermal resistance m^2 K/ W R B ceiling thermal resistance m^2 K/ W R n new thermal resistance m^2 K/ W R si internal surface thermal resistance m^2 K/ W R so outside surface thermal resistance m^2 K/ W R R thermal resistance of roof void m^2 K/ W R v vapour resistance Ns/kg r distance m r v vapour resistivity GN s/kgm MN s/gm ρ (rho) density kg/m^3 specific electrical resistance m soil electrical resistivity m S spacing m length of heating season days surface area m^2 s time second SC quarterly standing charge SE specific enthalpy kJ/kg SG specific gravity SH sensible heat transfer kW
Symbol Description Units
SPL sound pressure level dB SWL sound power level dB SRI sound reduction index dB SHC ∑ specific heat capacity kJ/kgK summation T absolute temperature kelvin total demand target reverberation time s τ (tau) time interval T E electrical demand target T T thermal demand target t a air temperature ◦C t ai inside air temperature ◦C t ao outside air temperature ◦C t b base temperature ◦C t c operative temperature ◦C t dp dew-point temperature ◦C t e environmental temperature ◦C t ei internal environmental temperature ◦C t eo outside environmental temperature ◦C t f water flow temperature ◦C t g globe temperature ◦C t HWS hot-water storage temperature ◦C t m mean water temperature ◦C area-weighted average room surface temperature ◦C t max maximum air temperature ◦C t min minimum air temperature ◦C t 15 air temperature at time θ = 15 h ◦C t r mean radiant temperature ◦C return water temperature ◦C t res resultant temperature ◦C t s supply air temperature ◦C surface temperature ◦C θ (theta) angle degree time h U thermal transmittance W/m 2 K U e economic thermal transmittance W/m 2 K U n new thermal transmittance W/m 2 K U w wall thermal transmittance W/m 2 K UC useful cost of a fuel £/GJ, p/kWh UF utilization factor V volume m^3 V electrical potential volt v velocity m/s v s specific volume m^3 /kg W width m or mm W power watt w.b. wet-bulb air temperature ◦C w.b. WCI wind chill index Y admittance factor annual degree days