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A training test with solutions for a building physics course at politecnico di milano. It covers various topics in building physics, including definitions of steady-flow processes, energy calculations for a room, heat pump efficiency calculations, solar radiation on walls, radiation heat transfer, heat flow through glazing, factors affecting human thermal comfort, and types of mechanical ventilation systems. The document also includes a problem-solving exercise involving psychrometric chart analysis to determine the heat and moisture that need to be extracted to change the room conditions. The level of detail and the range of topics covered suggest this document could be useful as study notes, lecture notes, or a summary for students enrolled in a building physics or architectural design course at the university level.
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A steady-flow process is a process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily, with no change over time.
An electric heater provides 2 kWh of energy to an office room (considered a closed system). The room experiences 1.5 kWh of thermal loss through the external wall and window. People inside the room release 200 Wh of heat, and the electric lights and equipment release 300 Wh. The energy change, ΔE, of the room is calculated as:
ΔE = 2 + 0.2 + 0.3 - 1.5 = 1 kWh
A heat pump absorbs 250 W of electricity and provides 10800 kJ of heat while working steadily for 4 hours. The heat pump's COP is calculated as:
COP = Qh / W = [(1800 / 3.6 × 4)] / 250 = 3
or
COP = Qh / W = 1800 / (250 × 3.6 × 4) = 3
At the given latitudes, a vertical wall facing north receives direct solar radiation during the following months:
April, May, June, July, August March and September (during the last 10 days and the first 20 days, respectively)
A person is enclosed in a room with a surface temperature of 20°C. The person's body surface area is 1.5 m², with a temperature of 35°C and an average emissivity of ε = 0.6. The rate of radiation heat transfer between the person and the surroundings is calculated as:
Q_rad = ε × σ × A_b × (T_b⁴ - T_s⁴) where σ = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴.
A glazing with a conductance of 4 W/(m²K) separates external air at 5°C from an internal room at 20°C. The inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 8 W/(m²K) and 25 W/(m²K), respectively. The heat flow rate density through the glazing is calculated as:
U_win = 1 / (1/h_i + 1/U_g + 1/h_o) = 1 / (1/8 + 1/4 + 1/25) = 2.41 W/m²K Q = U_win × ΔT = 2.41 × (20 - 5) = 36.14 W
The internal surface temperature is calculated as:
Q = h_i × (T_i - T_si) 36.14 W = 8 W/m²K × (20°C - T_si) T_si = 15.5°C
Since the internal surface temperature (15.5°C) is higher than the dew point temperature (12°C), condensation does not occur.
The four environmental parameters that affect human body heat exchanges and thermal comfort are:
Air temperature Air movement (or velocity) Radiation (or radiant temperature) Air humidity
The three types of mechanical ventilation systems are:
Extract Supply Balanced
Two rooms have the same external wall-type with a U-value of 0.5 W/m²K. The inside air temperature is 20°C, and the outside air temperature is 16°C. One wall (A) is perfectly shaded, while the other wall (B) is under the effect of solar radiation (irradiance G = 600 W/m², absorptance α = 0.5, outside heat transfer coefficient h = 25 W/(m²K)).
The heat flux densities are calculated as:
Q_A = 0.5 W/m²K × (20°C - 16°C) = 2 W/m² In → Out
T_sa = T_a + [(G × α) / h] = 16°C + [(600 W/m² × 0.5) / 25 W/m²°C] = 28°C Q_B = 0.5 W/m²K × (20°C - 28°C) = -4 W/m² Out → In