BTEC Applied Science UNIT 9B DISTINCTION Verified Assignment, Assignments of Health sciences

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BTEC Applied Science UNIT 9B DISTINCTION

Unit 9: Human Regulation and

Reproduction

B: Homeostatic control of body systems

Introduction

The body's natural survival procedure is to keep certain internal environments in your body within certain levels. These internal environments include PH, temperature, and salt concentration. A way of doing this is through a feedback mechanism where the hormones and nervous system can detect where the internal environment is imbalanced, changing the environment and cutting the levels back to normal. This system is important in the monitoring and regulation of the conditions within the body, without this our bodies would suffer detrimental damage. Hypothalamus: regulates homeostasis which keeps all the processes in the body balanced such as temperature, thirst, hunger and circadian rhythm. This is done through the release of hormones and by controlling the body’s heart rate, digestion and respiratory rate. Pineal gland: this is a gland that produces melatonin which regulates the body’s sleep cycles. Pituitary gland: produces and releases various hormone which aid in growth, follicle stimulation, thyroid stimulation etc. as well as releasing oxytocin and ADH which are produced by the hypothalamus Thyroid and parathyroid gland: the thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels and growth as well as producing calcitonin which regulates calcium levels. While the parathyroid gland produces a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus balance in the blood and bones

out. The urge to do this comes when a contraction is felt signaling the mother to push the baby out. Without the contraction, the baby's birth will be delayed, harming the mother and baby. The set point acts as a target or range for body temperature, blood glucose levels etc. so the body can easily know when the target is below or too high the value it is meant to be Receptors detect this change in the external or internal environment as it monitors the variables in the body and send the information received to the coordinators The coordinators acts as a control center where is receives information given by the receptors and compares this to target at the set point and makes an appropriate response by sending signals to the correct places The effectors is what carries out these signals given out by the control center which will change current value and return it to the target value of the set point

Internal environments the body keeps constant.

blood glucose concentration.

The pancreas’s is both an exocrine and endocrine gland meaning it does 2 jobs: secrete pancreatic juices (exocrine) and regulate blood glucose levels (endocrine)

Also, b cells secrete glucagon, a hormone, and react to low blood glucose levels.

Beta cells secrete insulin and react to high blood glucose levels.

Glucagon and insulin work together to properly maintain the blood glucose levels in the body These groups of cells are in the islets of Langerhans and in the pancreases. Carbohydrates are absorbed after a meal where the carbohydrates get quickly broken down for quicker absorption into the blood which causes he blood sugar levels to rise as carbohydrates have both starch and sugar

Glycogen is then converted into glucose through the process of glycogenesis. An emergency store of glycogen is kept in the liver and muscles ready to be converted to glucose whenever the body needs it

Amino acids are then converted into glycerol and glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis. The amino acids get broken down and absorbed by a process called examination taking place in the liver. The part of the molecule that is the amino acid yes excreted, however the rest is converted into glucose.

Glucagon

When blood glucose levels fall to low the alpha cells in the pancreas detect this change a secrete glucagon to counteract this. The hormone released works to activate enzymes in the liver cells to get them to convert glycogen to glucose and increase the rate of gluconeogenesis. This causes the blood glucose levels to rise

There is also an opposite reaction that happens when the blood glucose levels go to high, instead the beta cells in the pancreas

Insulin Beta cells can also secrete insulin when blood glucose levels are too low. The insulin gets transported into the blood stream via the liver and adipose feels, where it arches to the cell membrane causing the cell membranes permeability to increase. Which means glute can be transported across the membrane into the cells quicker.

Diabetes Diabetes is caused by the body’s incapability to regulate blood glucose levels. This causes multiple things such as weight loss, thirst and lack of energy. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking its own body beta cells in the islets of Langerhans which causes insulin production to be low. To manage these people with type 1 diabetes, have to take insulin corresponding to the amount of food they are going to eat. This will help the

(piloerection) in the hair follicle causing the hairs on your body to rise. This will help trap heat closer to the body, warming the body up.

Hypothermia Hypothermia happens when the body’s temperature goes below 35 degrees Celsius, since the body needs to be at a core temperature of 37 degrees Celsius this will start to break the body down. This usually happens after the body’s mechanisms such as shivering and increased heart rate has failed at regulating the body’s temperature. Hypothermia will cause someone to have irregular heat beats, pale skin and low blood pressure, this can cause death if left unmanaged. This shows that the impact of homeostatic dysfunction can be very severe as it is what keeps everything in the body balanced and the body alive.

Water levels

osmoregulation is the homeostatic control of water through a negative feedback mechanism. Water is gained through drink and food, then lost through variable methods such as urine, sweating and breathing. A change is detected by the osmoreceptors which then stimulate the pituitary glands to produce ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) which causes the kidneys to release less water making you pee less this is done by the ADH releasing into the bloodstream increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules. This allows more water to be reabsorbed from both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, so less water is passed into the urine making it more concentrated. When blood water levels are low you become thirsty, the feeling is created by the hypothalamus which is a part of the brain causing you to drink more water. Alternatively, if there is lots of fluid in the blood and you osmoreceptors detect the increase in dilution therefore reducing the production of ADH to combat this meaning the permeability in the convoluted tubule is decreased meaning a larger amount of dilute urine is produced. Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP is secreted by the heart, this reduces water, sodium and adipose in the circulatory system this causes blood pressure to be lowered

Angiotensinogen is produced by the liver to where it is then converted to angiotensin II, this stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, Aldosterone is a hormone that controls the concentration of sodium ions, this hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands increase the uptake of sodium ions from the gut to the bloodstream as well as its absorption in the kidney. This is another example of negative feedback. When the sodium ion concentration is too high less aldosterone is produced therefore decreasing sodium intake. And when the sodium concentration is too low, more aldosterone is produced for sodium uptake to be increased.

SIADH

This is a condition when the body makes too much ADH this causes the body to keep too much water inside of it which often leads to hyponatremia (low sodium levels) it can also cause cramps, nausea, hallucinations, seizures and coma. To manage this patient are told to drink less water which will help prevent excess fluid from building up in the body stopping the body from having too many fluids and restoring the balance.

Glands

Exocrine glands Exocrine glands are ones that produce effects outside the body this is because they have ducts that can transport secretions from the glands e.g. saliva glands producing saliva in the mouth; sweat glands on the dermis layer of the skin producing sweat when the body gets too hot in order to cool it down and return it to the correct temperature; Brunners gland produces mucus in the lining of stomach to protect it from acid preventing holes and ulcers from developing.

Endocrine glands The endocrine system is a complex system of glands that use hormones to control things in your body such as metabolism, energy levels, mood, reproduction, growth etc. The following are parts of the system: hypothalamus, pituitary, Thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, the ovaries, and the testes.