Download BSNC 1000 Final Exam Module 7-10: Cognition, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BSNC 1000 FINAL EXAM MODULE 7- 10 with
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Cognition - ✔✔Mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Perception - ✔✔Interpretation of the environment which is dependent on acuity of sensory input Awareness - ✔✔Ability to perceive or to be sensitive to stimuli in environment Attention - ✔✔Ability to focus on a particular area of conscious content Memory - ✔✔Retention and recall of past experiences and learning Declarative memory - ✔✔Ability to consciously learn and recall information, memory providing long- term storage of large amounts of information Immediate memory - ✔✔Also known as "attention span", memory that retains very small amounts of information for a very short amount of time Working memory - ✔✔Memory that allows for small amount of information to be actively maintained and manipulated Procedural memory - ✔✔Retention and retrieval of motor skills
Executive function - ✔✔Higher thinking processes that allow for flexibility, adaptability, and goal- directedness Cerebral cortex - ✔✔Part of the brain that is responsible for carrying out intellectual functions Hippocampus - ✔✔Part of the brain that plays a significant role in committing information to long-term memory Confusion - ✔✔Disturbance of consciousness, impaired ability to think clearly, to perceive, respond to, and remember current stimuli Frontal lobe - ✔✔Part of the brain associated with personality, working memory, executive function, intellect, and speech Delirium - ✔✔State of disturbed consciousness and altered cognition with rapid onset occurring over hours or a few days
- characterized by motor restlessness, transient hallucinations, and disorientation Dementia - ✔✔Acquired and progressive deterioration of all cognitive functions Primary dementia - ✔✔Dementia that is irreversible and not secondary to another disease Secondary dementia - ✔✔Dementia that occurs as a result of another disease process
Men are at a slightly ___ risk of developing vascular dementia than women - ✔✔Higher Inflammation - ✔✔Immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or allergy
- Protective process initiated to minimize or remove a pathologic agent or stimulus Chemotaxis - ✔✔Complex process that attracts WBCs to an area of inflammation
- Process in which WBCs move towards a higher concentration of chemotactic factors
- Third step of the cellular stage of inflammation Proinflammatory hormones - ✔✔Mediating factors in inflammatory response including prostaglandins, cytokines, and histamines Alcohol - ✔✔Substance that harms the gastric mucosa, the liver, and the developing fetus Necrosis - ✔✔Cell death in organ or tissue due to injury
- Process that involves unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity, uncontrolled release of products into extracellular space and initiation of inflammatory response
- Process that results in marked changes in the appearance of cytoplasmic contents and cell nucleus Gangrene - ✔✔Necrosis of a large mass of tissue Acute inflammation - ✔✔Early or almost immediate reaction of local tissues and blood vessels to injury
Redness, swelling, heat, pain - ✔✔Four cardinal signs of inflammation Mast cells - ✔✔Cells that release inflammatory mediators (histamine and chemotactic factors) and synthesize and release other mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) when activated Hyperemia - ✔✔Increased blood flow to an injured area caused by vasoactive chemicals dilating arterioles and venules Exudate - ✔✔Fluid that contains proteins and cells and forms in an injured area Leukocytes - ✔✔Major cellular components of inflammatory response Neutrophils - ✔✔Most numerous leukocytes in circulating blood
- First cells to appear at the site of acute inflammation
- Leukocytes that are capable of phagocytosis and have cytoplasmic granules containing enzymes and substances that destroy and degrade engulfed microbes
- Leukocytes with a short life span Monocytes - ✔✔Largest of circulating leukocytes Macrophages - ✔✔-Mature form of monocytes found at the site of injury
- Cells that produce potent vasoactive mediators, inflammatory cytokines and growth factors
Leukocytosis - ✔✔Abnormal increase of white blood cells Walling off - ✔✔Accumulation of WBCs that isolate inflamed tissue or infection Atherosclerosis - ✔✔Leading cause of coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease
- Condition of lipid plaques forming on the inside walls of arteries Hyperlipidemia - ✔✔Condition characterized by elevation of lipid profiles and/or lipoproteins in the blood Lipoproteins - ✔✔Fat-carrying proteins that transfer lipids in the blood LDL - ✔✔Sometimes called "bad cholesterol"
- Lipoproteins that are rich in cholesterol HDL - ✔✔Sometimes called "good cholesterol"
- Lipoproteins that are low in cholesterol and rich in surface phospholipiids
- Lipoproteins that participate in reverse cholesterol transport Defective synthesis of apolipoproteins is one cause of ___ hyperlipidemia
- Lack of lipoprotein receptors is one cause of ___ hyperlipidemia - ✔✔Primary
Lipid profile - ✔✔Blood test used to determine the risk for developing coronary heart disease and other atherosclerosis-related diseases
- Measurement of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels in the blood after an overnight fast Atheroma - ✔✔Thickened lesions in arterial walls that occur with accumulation of scar tissue and cholesterol deposits
- Advanced lesions which develop slowly and can result from persistent injury, lipid infiltration, and inflammation Male - ✔✔Gender most at risk of developing atherosclerosis More protein in a lipoprotein results in ___ density - ✔✔Higher More lipids in a lipoprotein results in ___ density - ✔✔Lower LDLs - ✔✔Lipoproteins which deliver fat to the liver and other tissues HDLs - ✔✔Lipoproteins which carry tissue lipids back to the liver for excretion Foam cells - ✔✔Macrophages which have been transformed by modified LDLs
- Core of plaques which grow into fatty streaks/atheroma Fatty streaks - ✔✔Early lesions that develop just below endothelial cells of the tunica intima of artery walls
Heat is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Swelling is a ___ manifestation of inflammation - ✔✔Local Fatigue is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Malaise is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Increase in plasma proteins is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Leukocytosis is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Fever is a ___ manifestation of inflammation - ✔✔Systemic Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation - ✔✔Standard treatment regimen for a sprain or strain Tissue integrity - ✔✔State of structurally intact and physiologically functioning epithelial tissues Inflammatory phase - ✔✔First phase of wound healing
- Phase of wound healing in which platelets release growth factors Granulation phase - ✔✔Second phase of wound healing
- Phase of wound healing characterized by new vessels and collagen structures, leading to a very vascular pink wound Maturation phase - ✔✔Third phase of wound healing
- Phase of wound healing characterized by collagen fiber remodelling and scar contraction
Serous exudates - ✔✔Watery fluids low in protein content resulting from plasma entering the inflammatory site Serous - ✔✔Type of exudate commonly seen in blisters, burns, and allergic reactions Fibrinous - ✔✔Type of exudate that contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky meshwork Purulent - ✔✔Type of exudate which contains pus (degraded WBCs, proteins, and tissue debris) C-reactive protein - ✔✔Acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver which binds to the surface of invading microorganisms and targets them for destruction by complement and phagocytosis Fibrinogen - ✔✔Acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver which causes RBCs to form stacks that settle/sediment faster than individual RBCs (ie. higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate) Controlling blood pressure is a method of controlling atherosclerosis as it reduces risk of ____ ___ - ✔✔Endothelial injury Implementing a medically supervised exercise plan is a method of controlling atherosclerosis as it reduces risk of ___ ___ - ✔✔Lipid infiltration Controlling blood glucose is a method of controlling atherosclerosis as it reduces risk of ___ ___ - ✔✔Endothelial injury
- Theory which focuses on observing interactions among family members and between the family and the illness/problem Structural-functional theory - ✔✔Theory that views the family as a social system
- Theory that emphasizes that family members have specific roles
- Theory which focuses on maintaining equilibrium between complementary roles Family stress theory - ✔✔Theory which focuses on how families react to stress based on internal and external context Family life cycle theory - ✔✔Theory which focuses on the relationships among family members as they move through transitions
- Theory which considers how developmental stresses can disrupt the life cycle process Family nursing - ✔✔Nursing which promotes, supports, and provides for the well-being and health of the family and individual family members Family forms - ✔✔Patterns of people considered by family members to be included in the family Calgary Family Assessment Model - ✔✔Assessment tool which incorporates questions about developmental assessment, functional assessment, and structural assessment Mutuality - ✔✔Enduring quality of a relationship between the caregiver and care recipient
Stress - ✔✔Internal or external event or demand of life experienced by the individual Neutral - ✔✔Stressor that is easy to manage and easy to mobilize resources Challenge - ✔✔Stressor that requires new ordinary resources that are currently available or can be easily accessed Threat - ✔✔Stressor that requires extraordinary resources, support, mobilization of resources that don't currently exist, or exhaustion of existing resources and abilities Norepinephrine and epinephrine - ✔✔Hormones that result in increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased cardiac output, increased blood perfusion of skeletal muscles, bronchial dilation, pupil dilation, and increased blood glucose Aldosterone - ✔✔Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that results in increased sodium and water retention Cortisol - ✔✔Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that results in increased protein synthesis, increased blood glucose, increased blood pressure, and increased cardiac output
- Glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex which mobilizes cellular metabolism and has a role in the immune response ADH - ✔✔Hormone released by the posterior pituitary that results in increased water retention
- Analysis of available resources (insufficient or sufficient) Problem-focused - ✔✔Type of coping which involves the cognitive process of evaluating the situation and taking action to manage or change the situation/circumstance associated with the stressor
- Type of coping in which the focus is geared toward eliminating or reducing the underlying cause
- Type of coping which zones in on changes within the environment Emotion-focused - ✔✔Type of coping which emphasizes regulation of the emotional response that occurs in a given situation
- Type of coping which reduces the emotional distress associated with a stressor Meaning-focused - ✔✔Type of coping whereby an individual draws on their values, beliefs, and goals to modify their personal interpretation and response to a problem
- Type of coping which changes how stress is perceived Alarm - ✔✔-First stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Stage of general adaptation syndrome which is the immediate neuroendocrine response (fight-or-flight, release of cortisol) to a stressor
- Stage of general adaptation syndrome in which resources are mobilized Resistance - ✔✔Second stage of general adaptation syndrome which is a response to the demands of a stressor that persists to modify the impact of the stressor
- Stage of general adaptation syndrome which is coping with a stressor
Cortisol in stress - ✔✔Stress hormone which stimulates osteoclast activity and bone resorption
- Stress hormone which breaks down fats and forms glucose resulting in increased blood fatty acids and blood glucose levels
- Stress hormone which inhibits the synthesis of substances that cause inflammation
- Stress hormone that decreases the number of white blood cells
- Stress hormone which causes protein breakdown in muscle resulting in an increase in blood amino acid levels Exhaustion - ✔✔Third stage of general adaptation syndrome in which the body has exceeded its resources and loses the capacity to adapt
- Stage of general adaptation syndrome in which reserves are depleted Recovery - ✔✔Fourth stage of general adaptation syndrome in which the body stops the sympathetic nervous system and cortisol responses Psychological and emotional - ✔✔Type of stress which can be managed by methods such as cognitive- behavioural skills training, meditation, stress inoculation, and time management Physiological - ✔✔Type of stress which can be managed by methods such as biofeedback, muscle relaxation, therapeutic touch/massage, and exercise Behavioural - ✔✔Type of stress which can be managed by methods such as health education, smoking cessation, and counselling
