Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

BSNC 1000 Final Exam Module 7-10: Cognition, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive overview of key concepts related to cognition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. It covers various aspects of cognitive function, including memory, attention, and executive function, as well as the processes involved in inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. Definitions, explanations, and examples, making it a valuable resource for students studying these topics.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/21/2025

catewilliams-smith
catewilliams-smith 🇺🇸

172 documents

1 / 18

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
BSNC 1000 FINAL EXAM MODULE 7-10 with
Verified solutions| Rated A+
Cognition - ✔✔Mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought,
experience, and the senses.
Perception - ✔✔Interpretation of the environment which is dependent on acuity of sensory input
Awareness - ✔✔Ability to perceive or to be sensitive to stimuli in environment
Attention - ✔✔Ability to focus on a particular area of conscious content
Memory - ✔✔Retention and recall of past experiences and learning
Declarative memory - ✔✔Ability to consciously learn and recall information, memory providing long-
term storage of large amounts of information
Immediate memory - ✔✔Also known as "attention span", memory that retains very small amounts of
information for a very short amount of time
Working memory - ✔✔Memory that allows for small amount of information to be actively maintained
and manipulated
Procedural memory - ✔✔Retention and retrieval of motor skills
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12

Partial preview of the text

Download BSNC 1000 Final Exam Module 7-10: Cognition, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

BSNC 1000 FINAL EXAM MODULE 7- 10 with

Verified solutions| Rated A+

Cognition - ✔✔Mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Perception - ✔✔Interpretation of the environment which is dependent on acuity of sensory input Awareness - ✔✔Ability to perceive or to be sensitive to stimuli in environment Attention - ✔✔Ability to focus on a particular area of conscious content Memory - ✔✔Retention and recall of past experiences and learning Declarative memory - ✔✔Ability to consciously learn and recall information, memory providing long- term storage of large amounts of information Immediate memory - ✔✔Also known as "attention span", memory that retains very small amounts of information for a very short amount of time Working memory - ✔✔Memory that allows for small amount of information to be actively maintained and manipulated Procedural memory - ✔✔Retention and retrieval of motor skills

Executive function - ✔✔Higher thinking processes that allow for flexibility, adaptability, and goal- directedness Cerebral cortex - ✔✔Part of the brain that is responsible for carrying out intellectual functions Hippocampus - ✔✔Part of the brain that plays a significant role in committing information to long-term memory Confusion - ✔✔Disturbance of consciousness, impaired ability to think clearly, to perceive, respond to, and remember current stimuli Frontal lobe - ✔✔Part of the brain associated with personality, working memory, executive function, intellect, and speech Delirium - ✔✔State of disturbed consciousness and altered cognition with rapid onset occurring over hours or a few days

  • characterized by motor restlessness, transient hallucinations, and disorientation Dementia - ✔✔Acquired and progressive deterioration of all cognitive functions Primary dementia - ✔✔Dementia that is irreversible and not secondary to another disease Secondary dementia - ✔✔Dementia that occurs as a result of another disease process

Men are at a slightly ___ risk of developing vascular dementia than women - ✔✔Higher Inflammation - ✔✔Immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or allergy

  • Protective process initiated to minimize or remove a pathologic agent or stimulus Chemotaxis - ✔✔Complex process that attracts WBCs to an area of inflammation
  • Process in which WBCs move towards a higher concentration of chemotactic factors
  • Third step of the cellular stage of inflammation Proinflammatory hormones - ✔✔Mediating factors in inflammatory response including prostaglandins, cytokines, and histamines Alcohol - ✔✔Substance that harms the gastric mucosa, the liver, and the developing fetus Necrosis - ✔✔Cell death in organ or tissue due to injury
  • Process that involves unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity, uncontrolled release of products into extracellular space and initiation of inflammatory response
  • Process that results in marked changes in the appearance of cytoplasmic contents and cell nucleus Gangrene - ✔✔Necrosis of a large mass of tissue Acute inflammation - ✔✔Early or almost immediate reaction of local tissues and blood vessels to injury

Redness, swelling, heat, pain - ✔✔Four cardinal signs of inflammation Mast cells - ✔✔Cells that release inflammatory mediators (histamine and chemotactic factors) and synthesize and release other mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) when activated Hyperemia - ✔✔Increased blood flow to an injured area caused by vasoactive chemicals dilating arterioles and venules Exudate - ✔✔Fluid that contains proteins and cells and forms in an injured area Leukocytes - ✔✔Major cellular components of inflammatory response Neutrophils - ✔✔Most numerous leukocytes in circulating blood

  • First cells to appear at the site of acute inflammation
  • Leukocytes that are capable of phagocytosis and have cytoplasmic granules containing enzymes and substances that destroy and degrade engulfed microbes
  • Leukocytes with a short life span Monocytes - ✔✔Largest of circulating leukocytes Macrophages - ✔✔-Mature form of monocytes found at the site of injury
  • Cells that produce potent vasoactive mediators, inflammatory cytokines and growth factors

Leukocytosis - ✔✔Abnormal increase of white blood cells Walling off - ✔✔Accumulation of WBCs that isolate inflamed tissue or infection Atherosclerosis - ✔✔Leading cause of coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease

  • Condition of lipid plaques forming on the inside walls of arteries Hyperlipidemia - ✔✔Condition characterized by elevation of lipid profiles and/or lipoproteins in the blood Lipoproteins - ✔✔Fat-carrying proteins that transfer lipids in the blood LDL - ✔✔Sometimes called "bad cholesterol"
  • Lipoproteins that are rich in cholesterol HDL - ✔✔Sometimes called "good cholesterol"
  • Lipoproteins that are low in cholesterol and rich in surface phospholipiids
  • Lipoproteins that participate in reverse cholesterol transport Defective synthesis of apolipoproteins is one cause of ___ hyperlipidemia
  • Lack of lipoprotein receptors is one cause of ___ hyperlipidemia - ✔✔Primary

Lipid profile - ✔✔Blood test used to determine the risk for developing coronary heart disease and other atherosclerosis-related diseases

  • Measurement of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels in the blood after an overnight fast Atheroma - ✔✔Thickened lesions in arterial walls that occur with accumulation of scar tissue and cholesterol deposits
  • Advanced lesions which develop slowly and can result from persistent injury, lipid infiltration, and inflammation Male - ✔✔Gender most at risk of developing atherosclerosis More protein in a lipoprotein results in ___ density - ✔✔Higher More lipids in a lipoprotein results in ___ density - ✔✔Lower LDLs - ✔✔Lipoproteins which deliver fat to the liver and other tissues HDLs - ✔✔Lipoproteins which carry tissue lipids back to the liver for excretion Foam cells - ✔✔Macrophages which have been transformed by modified LDLs
  • Core of plaques which grow into fatty streaks/atheroma Fatty streaks - ✔✔Early lesions that develop just below endothelial cells of the tunica intima of artery walls

Heat is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Swelling is a ___ manifestation of inflammation - ✔✔Local Fatigue is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Malaise is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Increase in plasma proteins is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Leukocytosis is a ___ manifestation of inflammation Fever is a ___ manifestation of inflammation - ✔✔Systemic Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation - ✔✔Standard treatment regimen for a sprain or strain Tissue integrity - ✔✔State of structurally intact and physiologically functioning epithelial tissues Inflammatory phase - ✔✔First phase of wound healing

  • Phase of wound healing in which platelets release growth factors Granulation phase - ✔✔Second phase of wound healing
  • Phase of wound healing characterized by new vessels and collagen structures, leading to a very vascular pink wound Maturation phase - ✔✔Third phase of wound healing
  • Phase of wound healing characterized by collagen fiber remodelling and scar contraction

Serous exudates - ✔✔Watery fluids low in protein content resulting from plasma entering the inflammatory site Serous - ✔✔Type of exudate commonly seen in blisters, burns, and allergic reactions Fibrinous - ✔✔Type of exudate that contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky meshwork Purulent - ✔✔Type of exudate which contains pus (degraded WBCs, proteins, and tissue debris) C-reactive protein - ✔✔Acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver which binds to the surface of invading microorganisms and targets them for destruction by complement and phagocytosis Fibrinogen - ✔✔Acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver which causes RBCs to form stacks that settle/sediment faster than individual RBCs (ie. higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate) Controlling blood pressure is a method of controlling atherosclerosis as it reduces risk of ____ ___ - ✔✔Endothelial injury Implementing a medically supervised exercise plan is a method of controlling atherosclerosis as it reduces risk of ___ ___ - ✔✔Lipid infiltration Controlling blood glucose is a method of controlling atherosclerosis as it reduces risk of ___ ___ - ✔✔Endothelial injury

  • Theory which focuses on observing interactions among family members and between the family and the illness/problem Structural-functional theory - ✔✔Theory that views the family as a social system
  • Theory that emphasizes that family members have specific roles
  • Theory which focuses on maintaining equilibrium between complementary roles Family stress theory - ✔✔Theory which focuses on how families react to stress based on internal and external context Family life cycle theory - ✔✔Theory which focuses on the relationships among family members as they move through transitions
  • Theory which considers how developmental stresses can disrupt the life cycle process Family nursing - ✔✔Nursing which promotes, supports, and provides for the well-being and health of the family and individual family members Family forms - ✔✔Patterns of people considered by family members to be included in the family Calgary Family Assessment Model - ✔✔Assessment tool which incorporates questions about developmental assessment, functional assessment, and structural assessment Mutuality - ✔✔Enduring quality of a relationship between the caregiver and care recipient

Stress - ✔✔Internal or external event or demand of life experienced by the individual Neutral - ✔✔Stressor that is easy to manage and easy to mobilize resources Challenge - ✔✔Stressor that requires new ordinary resources that are currently available or can be easily accessed Threat - ✔✔Stressor that requires extraordinary resources, support, mobilization of resources that don't currently exist, or exhaustion of existing resources and abilities Norepinephrine and epinephrine - ✔✔Hormones that result in increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased cardiac output, increased blood perfusion of skeletal muscles, bronchial dilation, pupil dilation, and increased blood glucose Aldosterone - ✔✔Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that results in increased sodium and water retention Cortisol - ✔✔Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that results in increased protein synthesis, increased blood glucose, increased blood pressure, and increased cardiac output

  • Glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex which mobilizes cellular metabolism and has a role in the immune response ADH - ✔✔Hormone released by the posterior pituitary that results in increased water retention
  • Analysis of available resources (insufficient or sufficient) Problem-focused - ✔✔Type of coping which involves the cognitive process of evaluating the situation and taking action to manage or change the situation/circumstance associated with the stressor
  • Type of coping in which the focus is geared toward eliminating or reducing the underlying cause
  • Type of coping which zones in on changes within the environment Emotion-focused - ✔✔Type of coping which emphasizes regulation of the emotional response that occurs in a given situation
  • Type of coping which reduces the emotional distress associated with a stressor Meaning-focused - ✔✔Type of coping whereby an individual draws on their values, beliefs, and goals to modify their personal interpretation and response to a problem
  • Type of coping which changes how stress is perceived Alarm - ✔✔-First stage of general adaptation syndrome
  • Stage of general adaptation syndrome which is the immediate neuroendocrine response (fight-or-flight, release of cortisol) to a stressor
  • Stage of general adaptation syndrome in which resources are mobilized Resistance - ✔✔Second stage of general adaptation syndrome which is a response to the demands of a stressor that persists to modify the impact of the stressor
  • Stage of general adaptation syndrome which is coping with a stressor

Cortisol in stress - ✔✔Stress hormone which stimulates osteoclast activity and bone resorption

  • Stress hormone which breaks down fats and forms glucose resulting in increased blood fatty acids and blood glucose levels
  • Stress hormone which inhibits the synthesis of substances that cause inflammation
  • Stress hormone that decreases the number of white blood cells
  • Stress hormone which causes protein breakdown in muscle resulting in an increase in blood amino acid levels Exhaustion - ✔✔Third stage of general adaptation syndrome in which the body has exceeded its resources and loses the capacity to adapt
  • Stage of general adaptation syndrome in which reserves are depleted Recovery - ✔✔Fourth stage of general adaptation syndrome in which the body stops the sympathetic nervous system and cortisol responses Psychological and emotional - ✔✔Type of stress which can be managed by methods such as cognitive- behavioural skills training, meditation, stress inoculation, and time management Physiological - ✔✔Type of stress which can be managed by methods such as biofeedback, muscle relaxation, therapeutic touch/massage, and exercise Behavioural - ✔✔Type of stress which can be managed by methods such as health education, smoking cessation, and counselling