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The questions and correct answers for bsc 108 exam 1 and 2. It covers topics such as photosynthesis, the cell cycle, genetic inheritance, and more. The answers have been verified and graded as a+, making this a valuable resource for students preparing for these exams. Detailed explanations for the correct answers, allowing students to deepen their understanding of the course material. Whether you're looking for study notes, lecture summaries, or exam preparation, this document can be a valuable tool to help you succeed in your bsc 108 course.
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What is Organic chemicals based around ------CORRECT ANSWER--------- ------Carbon The physical process by which a protein chain is translated to 3D structure in a folding formation and the protein becomes biologically functional ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------protein folding Function of the nucleus ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------DNA storage Function of the nucleolus ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Creates ribosomes aside the nucleus Function of the mitochondria ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------energy production Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ------CORRECT ANSWER----- ----------make proteins
Function of the Golgi apparatus ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- protein modification Function of the peroxisome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------lipid destruction/waste removal Function of lysosome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------protein destruction/digestion Function of plasma membrane ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- protection and transport Function of ribosomes ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------make proteins Function of DNA ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------transport coded RNA Function of chloroplasts ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Photosynthesis Function of the cytoskeleton ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------maintain shape/organization/help with movement of the cell
Function of the chromosome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------carries genetic information Function of the nucleotide ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------region inside a prokaryotic cell that is not membrane enclosed Function of microtubules ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Hollow protein tubes Function of cilia and flagella ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- extensions that propels/ help the cell move across surfaces What are the 3 domains of life? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya What are the 8 classifications of Life? (from least to most specific) ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species What are the steps of the scientific method? ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, experiment, analyze data, conclusion
a broad, comprehensive, and well substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Theory a proposed explanation for an observation before the experiment ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------hypothesis an educated guess about what will happen in an experiment ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Prediction the studying/ watching of something in an experiment to learn more about it ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Observation a factor or condition of an experiment that is changed or manipulated ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Variable a factor or condition that is changer or manipulated to produce a specific outcome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------independent variable a factor or condition that is affected based on the independent variable -----
a biological molecule consisting of a simple sugar (monosaccharide) or multiple monosaccharides ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Carbohydrate an organic compound consisting of mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together by non polar covalent bonds. They are made up of fatty acids/glycerol ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Lipids a biological polymer made up of amino acid monomers ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Proteins nucleotides (blueprint for cell) (DNA and RNA) ------CORRECT ANSWER--- ------------nucleic acids A chemical bond that involves sharing one or more pairs of electrons between atoms in a molecule ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Covalent Bond Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Hydrogen Bond A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------ionic bond Amino Acids ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Protein (enzymes)
Fatty Acid/glycerol ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Lipids Monosaccharides ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Carbohydrates (sugars) Nucleotides ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) a chemical compound that donates H+ ions to solutions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Acids a compound that accepts H+ ions and can remove them from a solution ---- --CORRECT ANSWER---------------Bases
(adenosine triphosphate)
what does pinocytosis transport? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- small molecules
The process of ____________ captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organism molecules. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------photosynthesis
are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis inner and outer membrane of chloroplast ------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -----the chloroplast has a double-membrane envelope. the inner membrane encloses a compartment filled with stroma. Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the ________. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------inner thylakoid membrane the primary function of plant pigments is to ------CORRECT ANSWER-------- -------absorb solar energy Leaves are green because ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- chlorophyll molecules absorb violet-blue and red light but reflect or transmit green-yellow light List the processes of light dependent reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER-- -------------chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and ejects an electron, which is passed down an electron transport chain, and water is split, releasing O List the requirements for light dependent reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------H2O, ADP, and NADP+ List the products of light reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------O and energy-storing compounds ATP and NADH
List the requirements for the Calvin cycle reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------ATP, NADPH, CO2, a five-carbon sugar called RuBP, and the enzyme rubisco _________ is fixed during the Calvin Cycle. ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------Carbon Dioxide The product of the Calvin Cycle is _______ which can be used to make __________ ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------glyceraldhyde- 3 - phosphate (G3P); glucose How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 (traditional) photosynthesis? --- ---CORRECT ANSWER---------------c3 photosynthesis uses the three carbon molecule 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) for carbon fixation - which require water; in c4 photosynthesis a carbon shuttle system evolved in which carbon is first fixed by incorporation of carbon dioxide into a 4 carbon molecule Oxaloacetate (OAA) C4 photosynthesis is an adaption for ... ------CORRECT ANSWER------------ ---hot and dry weather What is an example of a C4 plant? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- sugar cane, corn
Cellular respiration takes place in the _______ of all eukaryotic organisms - -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------mitochondria The stages of cellular respiration : ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain; where do the stages of cellular respiration take place in the cell ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid the citric acid cycle- occurs in the matrix of mitochondria electron transport- in the inner membrane of mitochondria which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------electron transport Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose into two molecules of _______ , producing ATP and NADH ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------pyruvate NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle deliver electrons to the electron transport chain, where ____ and _____ are produced. The majority of ______ are produced here. ------CORRECT ANSWER------------- --ATP and H2O; ATP molecules
What is anaerobic respiration? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------the release of energy is faster than the bloodstream can deliver O2; the muscles begin to work anaerobically (without O2); after about 15 seconds muscle cells will begin to generate ATP by the process of fermentation (which relies on glycolysis) how can ATP be synthesized without oxygen by fermentation ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------relaying on glycolysis which does not use oxygen Fermentation - the anaerobic harvest of energy from food by some cells. Different pathways of fermentation can produce different end products, including ethanol and lactic acid fermentation produces _____ in yeast cells and _______ in muscle cells. -- ----CORRECT ANSWER---------------ethanol; lactic acid Cell reproduction can function in ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- reproduction, growth and development, and repair and renewal The DNA molecules are combined with proteins to form _______, the substance of chromosomes ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- chromatin The ________ is the life of the cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------The cell cycle
Cell division consists of _____(division of the nucleus) and ______ (division of the cytoplasm). ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------mitosis and cytokinesis the function of the spindle is to help ... ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
what happens during telophase? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------4th stage of mitosis the fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. usually occurs together with cytokinesis The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular ______ that directs the sequential events of the cycle. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------control system What are the three checkpoints where a cell stops itself from dividing if there was an error to prevent cancer and abnormal cells ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint ________ is an error in the cell cycle in which a cell gets past a checkpoint and divides uncontrollably, forming a tumor. ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------cancer Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) are called ____ and all other cells (body cells) are called _____. ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- gametes; somatic cells homologous chromosomes ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------are two chromosomes composing a pair, one from the mother and one from the father