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BSC 108 EXAM 1
What is Organic chemicals based around ------CORRECT ANSWER--------- ------Carbon The physical process by which a protein chain is translated to 3D structure in a folding formation and the protein becomes biologically functional ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------protein folding Function of the nucleus ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------DNA storage Function of the nucleolus ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Creates ribosomes aside the nucleus Function of the mitochondria ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------energy production Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ------CORRECT ANSWER----- ----------make proteins
Function of the Golgi apparatus ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- protein modification Function of the peroxisome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------lipid destruction/waste removal Function of lysosome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------protein destruction/digestion Function of plasma membrane ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- protection and transport Function of ribosomes ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------make proteins Function of DNA ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------transport coded RNA Function of chloroplasts ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Photosynthesis Function of the cytoskeleton ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------maintain shape/organization/help with movement of the cell
Function of the chromosome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------carries genetic information Function of the nucleotide ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------region inside a prokaryotic cell that is not membrane enclosed Function of microtubules ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Hollow protein tubes Function of cilia and flagella ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- extensions that propels/ help the cell move across surfaces What are the 3 domains of life? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya What are the 8 classifications of Life? (from least to most specific) ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species What are the steps of the scientific method? ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, experiment, analyze data, conclusion
a broad, comprehensive, and well substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Theory a proposed explanation for an observation before the experiment ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------hypothesis an educated guess about what will happen in an experiment ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Prediction the studying/ watching of something in an experiment to learn more about it ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Observation a factor or condition of an experiment that is changed or manipulated ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Variable a factor or condition that is changer or manipulated to produce a specific outcome ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------independent variable a factor or condition that is affected based on the independent variable -----
- CORRECT ANSWER---------------dependent variable a factor or condition that lacks the specific factor being tested ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------controlled variable
a biological molecule consisting of a simple sugar (monosaccharide) or multiple monosaccharides ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Carbohydrate an organic compound consisting of mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together by non polar covalent bonds. They are made up of fatty acids/glycerol ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Lipids a biological polymer made up of amino acid monomers ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Proteins nucleotides (blueprint for cell) (DNA and RNA) ------CORRECT ANSWER--- ------------nucleic acids A chemical bond that involves sharing one or more pairs of electrons between atoms in a molecule ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Covalent Bond Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Hydrogen Bond A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------ionic bond Amino Acids ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Protein (enzymes)
Fatty Acid/glycerol ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Lipids Monosaccharides ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Carbohydrates (sugars) Nucleotides ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) a chemical compound that donates H+ ions to solutions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Acids a compound that accepts H+ ions and can remove them from a solution ---- --CORRECT ANSWER---------------Bases
- eukaryotic
- rectangular
- has a cell wall
- plastids
- no centrioles
- large vacuoles
- chloroplasts ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Plant Cell
- eukaryotic
- round/circular
(adenosine triphosphate)
- the energy source for cells
- transfers phosphate groups
- increases cellular work
- functions in energy coupling ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------ATP
- spontaneous movement of particles
- movement of particles from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated area
- molecules spread evenly across space
- both the solute and solvent move
- no membrane is required to move through
- ex: scented candles when burned ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Diffusion
- the diffusion/movement of water across a electively permeable membrane
- only solvent moves
- ex: tea bag in hot water ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Osmosis what does diffusion transport? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------small particles through thing like air what does osmosis transport? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- water/liquid what does phagocytosis transport? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Large macromolecules
what does pinocytosis transport? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- small molecules
- active transport that takes material out of the cell
- gets rid of waste materials like unwanted proteins ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Exocytosis
- active transport that move things like nutrients into the cell ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Endocytosis
- energy of motion
- preforms movement by transferring energy/movement form one matter to another ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------kinetic energy
- stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
- includes chemical energy, cellular respiration, etc. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Potential energy Energy can not be created or destroyed, only transferred ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Conversion of energy principle
BSC 108 UA EXAM II
The process of ____________ captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organism molecules. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------photosynthesis
are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis inner and outer membrane of chloroplast ------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -----the chloroplast has a double-membrane envelope. the inner membrane encloses a compartment filled with stroma. Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the ________. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------inner thylakoid membrane the primary function of plant pigments is to ------CORRECT ANSWER-------- -------absorb solar energy Leaves are green because ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- chlorophyll molecules absorb violet-blue and red light but reflect or transmit green-yellow light List the processes of light dependent reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER-- -------------chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and ejects an electron, which is passed down an electron transport chain, and water is split, releasing O List the requirements for light dependent reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------H2O, ADP, and NADP+ List the products of light reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------O and energy-storing compounds ATP and NADH
List the requirements for the Calvin cycle reactions ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------ATP, NADPH, CO2, a five-carbon sugar called RuBP, and the enzyme rubisco _________ is fixed during the Calvin Cycle. ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------Carbon Dioxide The product of the Calvin Cycle is _______ which can be used to make __________ ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------glyceraldhyde- 3 - phosphate (G3P); glucose How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 (traditional) photosynthesis? --- ---CORRECT ANSWER---------------c3 photosynthesis uses the three carbon molecule 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) for carbon fixation - which require water; in c4 photosynthesis a carbon shuttle system evolved in which carbon is first fixed by incorporation of carbon dioxide into a 4 carbon molecule Oxaloacetate (OAA) C4 photosynthesis is an adaption for ... ------CORRECT ANSWER------------ ---hot and dry weather What is an example of a C4 plant? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- sugar cane, corn
Cellular respiration takes place in the _______ of all eukaryotic organisms - -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------mitochondria The stages of cellular respiration : ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain; where do the stages of cellular respiration take place in the cell ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid the citric acid cycle- occurs in the matrix of mitochondria electron transport- in the inner membrane of mitochondria which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------electron transport Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose into two molecules of _______ , producing ATP and NADH ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------pyruvate NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle deliver electrons to the electron transport chain, where ____ and _____ are produced. The majority of ______ are produced here. ------CORRECT ANSWER------------- --ATP and H2O; ATP molecules
What is anaerobic respiration? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------the release of energy is faster than the bloodstream can deliver O2; the muscles begin to work anaerobically (without O2); after about 15 seconds muscle cells will begin to generate ATP by the process of fermentation (which relies on glycolysis) how can ATP be synthesized without oxygen by fermentation ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------relaying on glycolysis which does not use oxygen Fermentation - the anaerobic harvest of energy from food by some cells. Different pathways of fermentation can produce different end products, including ethanol and lactic acid fermentation produces _____ in yeast cells and _______ in muscle cells. -- ----CORRECT ANSWER---------------ethanol; lactic acid Cell reproduction can function in ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- reproduction, growth and development, and repair and renewal The DNA molecules are combined with proteins to form _______, the substance of chromosomes ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- chromatin The ________ is the life of the cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------The cell cycle
Cell division consists of _____(division of the nucleus) and ______ (division of the cytoplasm). ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------mitosis and cytokinesis the function of the spindle is to help ... ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
- separate sister chromatids in mitosis by attaching to the centromere of a duplicated chromosomes and pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell list the 4 stages of mitosis: ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase what happens during prophase? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------The first stage of mitosis; duplicated chromosomes condense to form structures visible with a light microscope, and the mitotic spindle forms and begins moving the chromosomes toward the center of the cell what happens during metaphase? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- 2nd stage of mitosis the centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are lined up along the center line of the cell what happens during anaphase? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------3rd stage of mitosis the sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell
what happens during telophase? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------4th stage of mitosis the fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. usually occurs together with cytokinesis The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular ______ that directs the sequential events of the cycle. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------control system What are the three checkpoints where a cell stops itself from dividing if there was an error to prevent cancer and abnormal cells ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint ________ is an error in the cell cycle in which a cell gets past a checkpoint and divides uncontrollably, forming a tumor. ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------cancer Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) are called ____ and all other cells (body cells) are called _____. ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- gametes; somatic cells homologous chromosomes ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------are two chromosomes composing a pair, one from the mother and one from the father
