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Breast Cancer

Lyndsay Reeves

Lincoln University FLW

Cancer is a deadly disease; breast cancer is the second cancer diagnose in women within the United States (Sun, Yi- Sheng, 2017). While breast cancer is most commonly found in women it can sometimes be found in males as well. Breast cancer occurs when one’s breast cells start to grow abnormally causing the cells to divide and attack health breast cells. Cells can often metastasize throughout the body such as lymph nodes around the arm pits, clavicular area and other origins within the body. Scholars have linked hormones, environmental factors and the lifestyle one lives. Among these traits breast cancer can be among your genetic traits one was born with. Early diagnosis of catching breast cancer is the best tactic to reduce the chances of getting this disease. Some key factors to look for are; breast lumps or uneven viscosity surrounding the breast tissue, dimpling, inverted nipples, change in size and shape, pain, redness or pitting and peeling or flaking of the areolas (Hinke & Brunners, 2018. p. 1723). While breast cancer increase in age all women are at risk for getting this terrible disease. Often those who have a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer have a genetic trait linked to their disease, Mammography is commonly used as a screening approach to detect and confirm breast cancer. Starting at the age of 40 everyone women should get annually mammograms. If there is a confirmed diagnosis on the mother’s side the chances of one getting breast cancer are more likely than on the fathers side. There are two classifications of breast cancer associated genes; BRCA1 and BRCA2. These two antioncogenes identify the severity of the breast cancer. BRCA1 has a more aggressive prognosis compared to BRCA2.Women’s endogenous estrogen and progesterone levels are linked to an increase risk of breast cancer. Interventions for this disease are: mastectomy, lumpectomy, reconstruction, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy.

Refences Hinkle, J. L., Cheever, K. H., & Brunner, L. S. (2018). Brunner & Suddarths textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Sun Y.S., Zhao Z., Yang Z.N. et al.. (2017) Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 13, 1387–1397 10.7150/ijbs.