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Bone Joint, Soft Tissue - Pathology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Pathology

Bone Joint, Soft Tissue, Cells of Bone, Macrophage Lineage, Proteins of Bone, Microglobulin Albumin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor, Adjectives of Bone, Bone Diseases, Supernumerary Digit. A lecture from Pathology course to teach you a topic. Key points are given above.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/21/2012

deepaka
deepaka 🇮🇳

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BONE
JOINT
SOFT TISSUE
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BONE

JOINT

SOFT TISSUE

CELLS of BONE

  • OSTEOPROGENITOR (“STEM”)(TGFβ)
  • OSTEOBLASTS (surface of spicule ), under control of calcitonin to take blood calcium and put it into bone.
  • OSTEOCYTES (are osteoblasts which are now completely surrounded by bone)
  • OSTEOCLASTS (macrophage lineage), under control of PTH to chew up the calcium of bone and put it into blood

ADJECTIVES of BONE

  • Compact
    • Dense
    • Cortical
  • Spongy
    • Cancellous
    • Membranous
    • Endosteal
    • Spicular

BONE DISEASES

  • 1) MALFORMATIONS AND DISEASES CAUSED BY DEFECTS INTRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, polydactyly, syndactyly, absence of a bone NUCLEAR PROTEINS AND
  • 2) DISEASES CAUSED BY DEFECTS INachondroplasia, thanatophoria HORMONES AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS,
  • 3) DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
    • Type 1 Collagen Diseases (Osteogenesis Imperfecta)
    • Types 2, 10, and 11 Collagen Diseases
  • 4) DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS INMACROMOLECULES FOLDING AND DEGRADATION OF
    • Mucopolysaccharidoses
  • 5) DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS INAND TRANSPORTERS) METABOLIC PATHWAYS (ENZYMES, ION CHANNELS,
    • Osteopetrosis
  • 6) DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED BONE MASS
    • Osteoporosis
  • 7) DISEASES CAUSED BY OSTEOCLAST DYSFUNCTION
    • Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
  • 8) DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL MINERAL (Ca++) HOMEOSTASIS
    • Ricketts and Osteomalacia
    • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Renal Osteodystrophy

2) DISEASES CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN

HORMONES AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS

  • Achondroplasia, dwarf (non-lethal)
  • Thanatophoria, dwarf (lethal, FGF- mutations)
  • a point mutation (usually Arg for Gly375) in the gene that codes for FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3), which is located on the short arm of chromosome 4. In the normal growth plate, activation of FGFR3 inhibits cartilage proliferation, hence the term “achondroplastic”;
  • A MUTATION causes FGFR3 to be constantly activated.
3) DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN

EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURAL

PROTEINS

• OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA TYPES
  • (“Brittle” bone disease, too LITTLE bone), BLUE sclerae
  • Mutations in genes which code for the alpha-1 and alpha-2 chains of COLLAGEN 1
  • Mutations of COLLAGEN 2,10, 11 manifest themselves as CARTILAGE diseases, ranging from joint cartilage destruction to fatal sequelae

Categories of Generalized Osteoporosis Primary Postmenopausal (^) Idiopathic Senile Secondary Endocrine disorders (^) Rheumatologic disease Hyperparathyroidism (^) Drugs Hypo-hyperthyroidism (^) Anticoagulants Hypogonadism (^) Chemotherapy Pituitary tumors (^) Corticosteroids Diabetes, type 1 (^) Anticonvulsants Addison disease (^) Alcohol Neoplasia (^) Miscellaneous Multiple myeloma (^) Osteogenesis imperfecta Carcinomatosis (^) Immobilization Gastrointestinal (^) Pulmonary disease Malnutrition, Malbs., Hepatic Insuf., Vit C,D (^) Homocystinuria Anemia Docsity.com

7) DISEASES CAUSED BY OSTEOCLAST

DYSFUNCTION

Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans)

  • Matrix madness, Osteoblasts/-cytes gone wild
  • THREE PHASES:
    • 1) Increased osteoclast resorption
    • 2) Increased “hectic” bone formation (osteoblasts)
    • 3) Osteosclerosis
  • ELEVATED ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE
  • ELEVATED urine HYDROXYPROLINE

RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY

• PHOSPHATE RETENTION
• HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
• HYPOCALCEMIA
• INCREASED PTH
• INCREASED OSTEOCLASTS
  • METABOLIC ACIDOSISrelease of HYDROXYAPATITES from matrix

FRACTURES, adjectives

  • Complete, incomplete
  • Closed, open (communicating)
  • Communited (splintered, “greenstick”)
  • Displaced (NON-aligned)
  • PATHOGENIC, (non-traumatic, 2º to other disease, often metastases)
  • “STRESS” fracture

OSTEONECROSIS

  • Also called AVASCULAR necrosis
  • Also called ASEPTIC necrosis
  • CAUSE: ISCHEMIA
    • Trauma
    • Steroids
    • Thrombus/Embolism
    • Vessel injury, e.g., radiation
    • INCREASED intra-osseous pressurevascular compression
    • Venous hypertension too

OSTEONECROSIS

Disorders Associated with Osteonecrosis

Idiopathic Pregnancy

Trauma Gaucher disease

Corticosteroid administration

Sickle cell and other anemias

Infection (^) Alcohol abuse

Dysbarism Chronic pancreatitis

Radiation therapy Tumors

Connective tissue disorders

Epiphyseal disorders Docsity.com

OSTEOMYELITIS

  • COMPLICATIONS
    • Subperiosteal abscess
    • Draining sinus
    • Joint involvement
  • SEQUESTRUM (dead bone)
vs.
  • INVOLUCRUM (new bone)

OSTEOMYELITIS

  • Tuberculous
    • Usually blood borne
    • TB of spine is known as POTTS disease
  • Syphilis
    • CONGENITAL
    • TERTIARY, “SABRE” shins