Body Systems Theory - Physical Education - Lecture Slides, Slides of Physical Education and Motor Learning

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OVERVIEW

• Exercise is good for us. When we

exercise our bodies adapt and become

more efficient.

• Training for sport brings about specific

changes in our bodies. The benefits of

regular exercise include:-

• Improved health
• Improved heart & lung systems
• Stronger muscles
• Reduced risk of illness
• Better flexibility
• Improved quality of life

Parts of the Skeleton - 1

Our skeleton is divided into two

parts.

1. Our AXIAL Skeleton, which

consists of

• Our skull, which protects our brain

• Our vertebral column, which protects

our spinal cord & allows a wide range

of movement.

• Our rib cage and sternum which

protect out heart and lungs.

Parts of the Skeleton - 2

The second part of the skeleton is

known as:-

2. Our APPENDICULAR Skeleton,

which consists of:-

 Our arms and shoulder girdle

 Legs and hip girdle

Our shoulder girdle is made up of two

clavicles and two scapulas

Our hip girdle is made up of two halves

each formed by 3 bones fused together

Vertebral Column – 33 Specialised Vertebrae

Four bones fused together to make up the COCCYX

Five SACRAL

vertebrae

Five LUMBAR vertebrae

Twelve THORACIC

vertebrae

Seven CERVICAL

vertebrae

Skeleton – How Bones Grow

The skeletal system of an embryo starts off as

cartilage, a firm but elastic material. As the

embryo grows this cartilage changes to bone.

The development of bone from cartilage is

called OSSIFICATION.

Ossification continues to

Take place throughout

Childhood and replaces

& repairs bone through

Life.

Skeleton - Joints

Our skeleton is jointed to allow movement.

There are three main types of joint.

1. Immovable or Fibrous

joints

2. Slightly moveable or

cartiliginous joints

3. Freely moveable or

Synovial joints

Skeleton – Synovial Joint

Synovial Membrane

• Is a layer on the inside of the capsule
• Secretes the synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

• Is found within the joint
• Lubricates the joint
• Allows friction free movement

Hyline Cartilage

• Covers the head of the bones forming the joint
• Has a hard, tough, slippery layer
• Reduces friction within the joint

Ligaments

• Are bands of tough, fibrous tissue
• They hold bones together at the joint
• Limits the range of movement
• Prevents dislocation
• Are joint capsules which surround the joint

Skeleton- Types of Synovial Joint (cont)

Skeleton- How our Bodies Move

We use particular words to describe the way that our body

moves.

• Abduction – This is movement away from the midline of the body
• Adduction - Movement towards the midline of the body

Rotation – This is movement of a bone around its axis

Skeleton – Skeletal System and Exercise

Exercise is essential for proper bone growth. It

will increase:-

• Bone Strength
• Bone Density
• Bone Width

Physical Inactivity can lead to bone becoming

weaker.

Muscular System – Muscles in the Upper

Body

PECTORALS adduct the arm and shoulder. They are also used during deep breathing

BICEPS rotate and flex the arm

DELTOIDS move the arms in all directions.

TRAPEZIUS helps control the shoulder girdle

TRICEPS extend the arm at the elbow. They also extend the arm at the shoulder

LATISSIMUS DORSI

adduct and extend the arm.

Muscular System – Muscles in the Lower

body

ABDOMINALS flex and rotate the vertebral column and also help with breathing.

QUADRICEPS

extend the knee joint and flex the hip joint.

GLUTEUS MEDIUS

abducts the hip joint.

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

extends the hip joint. It is used when standing and climbing

HAMSTRINGS extend the hip joint and flex the knee joint

GASTROCNEMIUS flexes the knee joint and plantar flexes the ankle joint. It is used in running, walking and jumping