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Adolescent Health: Sexual Maturation, Body Issues, and Secondary Characteristics, Study notes of Developmental Psychology

An in-depth exploration of various aspects of adolescent health and development, focusing on sexual maturation, body issues, and secondary sexual characteristics. It covers the biochemical basis of these changes, the role of endocrine glands and the hypothalamus, and the negative feedback loops that regulate sex hormones. Additionally, it discusses the maturation and function of male and female sex organs, additional issues related to menstruation, and development of secondary sexual characteristics. The document also touches upon the impact of societal factors on body image and self-evaluation.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 04/17/2011

martin58328
martin58328 🇺🇸

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Body Issues: Physical Growth
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Body Issues: Physical Growth

and Health Related Behaviors

Body Issues: Sexual Maturation

and Physical Growth

• Biochemical Basis

• Endocrine glands-- increase hormones

• Hypothalamus-eating, drinking, hormonal

production, sexual behavior

• Pituitary Gland-gonadotropic hormones:

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

Regulation – Sex Hormones

  • (^) Male- hypothalamus, pituitary gland and testes- negative feedback loop to regulate testosterone level
  • (^) Inhibin –builds reduces sperm production (birth control ?)
  • (^) Female- hypothalamus ,pituitary gland and ovaries negative feedback loop to regulate estrogens and progesterone levels

Negative Feedback Loop

Maturation and Function

Female Sex Organs

  • (^) Vagina- matures: lengthens mucous lining

thicker, more elastic;Bartholin’s Gland fluid

secreted

  • (^) Growth of external sex organs- vulva
  • (^) Uterus- length 2x
  • (^) Ovaries – increase size weight ,egg/28 days 40

yrs

  • (^) Menstruation –4phases,length varies ,14 days

before start of next cycle –ovulation occurs

Additional Issues- Menstruation

  • (^) Research: onsite environmental stress: family

status, emotional,-hypothalamus

  • (^) Preparation: emotional support, normal-healthy
  • (^) Difficulties: excessive pain/cramps, swelling;

excessive bleeding

  • (^) Changes: exercise, emotional ,climate, workload

Growth Height Weight

Males

  • (^) 14 most growth
  • (^) 18 –height
  • (^) Heredity
  • (^) Nourishment
  • (^) Sexual maturation

reverse effect

Females

  • (^) 12 most growth
  • (^) 98% -17 height
  • (^) Heredity
  • (^) Nourishment
  • (^) Sexual Maturation

reverse effect

Body Issues

Overall very healthy time of life

  • (^) Mortality

10-14 very low 25 per 100,

15-19 increases 65 per 100,

38 % car accidents,

25% medical

14% homicide

12 % suicide

11 % other accidents

Improve Health Decisions

1. Knowledge health consequences

2. Ability to judge risks

3. Parent’s behavior

4. Resources available

5. Peer pressure

6. Societal values

Third World- poverty, diseases, tobacco, HIV

Body Image

Self-Evaluation Appearance

Majority of Caucasian American Adolescent Females Unhappy with appearance : media portrayal ,Overweight, self esteem , fear less attractive ,childhood experiences Racial differences : African American less likely to view self overweight; Caucasian – dissatisfied with body shape but Asian/Latino more Males – prefer mesomorph ,only short heavy – view overweight

Early /Late Maturation-Male

  • (^) Early - some benefits :athletic, leadership, social popularity negative: handle freedom, delinquent acts , drugs , alcohol – increases with stress level
  • (^) Late – 8”shorter/30 lbs lighter (than early mature), body build ,coordination, lower self esteem, self concept, over compensate –attention seeking behavior, attacking others

Weight-Obesity

  • (^) Rates began climbing- mid 1970
  • (^) African Americans Females/Mexican Males – highest rates > 25%
  • (^) Caucasian Females/ Males lowest 12 % (triple since mid-1960)
  • (^) Health Risks: diabetes 2,high blood pressure, cholesterol, heart disease
  • (^) Social rejection-lower self esteem

Personal Contributors

• Genetic Factors

• Motivation to eat

• Eating patterns

• Food preferences

• Lack of exercise