Body Issues: Physical Growth
and Health Related Behaviors
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Adolescent Health: Sexual Maturation, Body Issues, and Secondary Characteristics, Study notes of Developmental Psychology
An in-depth exploration of various aspects of adolescent health and development, focusing on sexual maturation, body issues, and secondary sexual characteristics. It covers the biochemical basis of these changes, the role of endocrine glands and the hypothalamus, and the negative feedback loops that regulate sex hormones. Additionally, it discusses the maturation and function of male and female sex organs, additional issues related to menstruation, and development of secondary sexual characteristics. The document also touches upon the impact of societal factors on body image and self-evaluation.
Typology: Study notes
2010/2011
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Body Issues: Physical Growth
and Health Related Behaviors
Body Issues: Sexual Maturation
and Physical Growth
• Biochemical Basis
• Endocrine glands-- increase hormones
• Hypothalamus-eating, drinking, hormonal
production, sexual behavior
• Pituitary Gland-gonadotropic hormones:
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
Regulation – Sex Hormones
- (^) Male- hypothalamus, pituitary gland and testes- negative feedback loop to regulate testosterone level
- (^) Inhibin –builds reduces sperm production (birth control ?)
- (^) Female- hypothalamus ,pituitary gland and ovaries negative feedback loop to regulate estrogens and progesterone levels
Negative Feedback Loop
Maturation and Function
Female Sex Organs
- (^) Vagina- matures: lengthens mucous lining
thicker, more elastic;Bartholin’s Gland fluid
secreted
- (^) Growth of external sex organs- vulva
- (^) Uterus- length 2x
- (^) Ovaries – increase size weight ,egg/28 days 40
yrs
- (^) Menstruation –4phases,length varies ,14 days
before start of next cycle –ovulation occurs
Additional Issues- Menstruation
- (^) Research: onsite environmental stress: family
status, emotional,-hypothalamus
- (^) Preparation: emotional support, normal-healthy
- (^) Difficulties: excessive pain/cramps, swelling;
excessive bleeding
- (^) Changes: exercise, emotional ,climate, workload
Growth Height Weight
Males
- (^) 14 most growth
- (^) 18 –height
- (^) Heredity
- (^) Nourishment
- (^) Sexual maturation
reverse effect
Females
- (^) 12 most growth
- (^) 98% -17 height
- (^) Heredity
- (^) Nourishment
- (^) Sexual Maturation
reverse effect
Body Issues
Overall very healthy time of life
- (^) Mortality
10-14 very low 25 per 100,
15-19 increases 65 per 100,
38 % car accidents,
25% medical
14% homicide
12 % suicide
11 % other accidents
Improve Health Decisions
1. Knowledge health consequences
2. Ability to judge risks
3. Parent’s behavior
4. Resources available
5. Peer pressure
6. Societal values
Third World- poverty, diseases, tobacco, HIV
Body Image
Self-Evaluation Appearance
Majority of Caucasian American Adolescent Females Unhappy with appearance : media portrayal ,Overweight, self esteem , fear less attractive ,childhood experiences Racial differences : African American less likely to view self overweight; Caucasian – dissatisfied with body shape but Asian/Latino more Males – prefer mesomorph ,only short heavy – view overweight
Early /Late Maturation-Male
- (^) Early - some benefits :athletic, leadership, social popularity negative: handle freedom, delinquent acts , drugs , alcohol – increases with stress level
- (^) Late – 8”shorter/30 lbs lighter (than early mature), body build ,coordination, lower self esteem, self concept, over compensate –attention seeking behavior, attacking others
Weight-Obesity
- (^) Rates began climbing- mid 1970
- (^) African Americans Females/Mexican Males – highest rates > 25%
- (^) Caucasian Females/ Males lowest 12 % (triple since mid-1960)
- (^) Health Risks: diabetes 2,high blood pressure, cholesterol, heart disease
- (^) Social rejection-lower self esteem