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The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S.
Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:
Document Title: Body Cavity Screening for Criminal Justice:
Market Survey (Version 1.1)
Author(s): Chad Huffman, Ph.D., Lars Ericson, Ph.D.
Document No.: 246710
Date Received: May 2014
Award Number: 2010-IJ-CX-K
This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice.
To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-
funded grant report available electronically.
Opinions or points of view expressed are those
of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect
the official position or policies of the U.S.
Department of Justice.
UNCLASSIFIED
This project was supported by Award No. 2010-IJ-CX-K024, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.
Body Cavity Screening for Criminal Justice:
Market Survey
(Version 1.1)
DOJ Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice
Sensor, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies (SSBT)
Center of Excellence (CoE)
April 24, 2014
Prepared by
ManTech Advanced Systems International 1000 Technology Drive, Suite 3310 Fairmont, West Virginia 26554 Telephone: (304) 368- Fax: (304) 366-
Dr. Chad Huffman, Senior Scientist
Dr. Lars Ericson, Director
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Magnetic fields produced by DC current in a loop of wire. ............................................ 6 Figure 2: Alternating magnetic field induces an opposing magnetic field in a conductor ............. 7 Figure 3: Transmission X-ray devices rely on X-rays passing through the subject ....................... 9 Figure 4: Backscatter X-ray devices rely on X-rays scattered from the subject ............................. 9 Figure 5: ProVision Imaging ........................................................................................................ 11 Figure 6: ProVision ATD.............................................................................................................. 12 Figure 7: ProVision 2 .................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 8: RadPro SecurPASS ....................................................................................................... 14 Figure 9: Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 10: Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP ........................................................................................... 16 Figure 11: SmartCheck HT ........................................................................................................... 17 Figure 12: SmartCheck ................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 13: Iscon 1000D ................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 14: Mini Portal................................................................................................................... 20
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NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Information Sought from Vendors.................................................................................... 2 Table 2: Examples of Radiation Dosages ....................................................................................... 8 Table 3: Technical Summary Comparison ................................................................................... 23
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NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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1.3 BCS Information Sought
In December 2013, the SSBT CoE (through NIJ) published a notice within the Federal Register requesting information and comments from vendors in support of this market survey (https://federalregister.gov/a/2013-30241).[3]^ The following categories of information were sought for the various systems contained herein. As needed, additional comments for the categories are also included here. This report relies heavily on the information provided by the manufacturers that responded to this Request For Information (RFI); however some information was also obtained through literature review and online research of product information.
Table 1: Information Sought from Vendors
Information Categories
- Model Number and Name of the screening system/device.
- Technology used by the system/device for detection (e.g., transmission X-ray, active millimeter wave).
- Size Class of the system/device: Fixed, Portable, or Handheld.
- Physical Dimensions of the system/device.
- Weight of the system/device.
- Whether the system/device Detects Metal objects. If YES, whether there are any types of metals that are NOT detected by the system.
- Whether the system/device Detects Non-Metal objects. If YES, whether any of the following can be detected by the system/device: Liquids (in a container or bag), Gels (in a container or bag), Plastic, Wood, Ceramic, Powder (in a small packet), and/or Paper (e.g., folded currency).
- Whether the system/device can detect objects Concealed within Body Cavities. If YES, whether any screening limitations exist or if all body cavities are covered by the system/device.
- For object materials detected by the system/device (Question #6-7), the minimum Detected Size of objects on a person and concealed within body cavities.
- Scan Rate of the system/device.
- Total Inspection Time per individual screened with the system/device (i.e. Throughput).
- Penetration Depth of the system/device’s scan when used on a clothed person.
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Information Categories
- Whether the system/device scan penetrates concealed Body Armor. If so, what classifications or types of armor can be imaged through.
- Spatial Resolution of the system/device scan with respect to concealed object dimensions/features (indicate Not Applicable for a system/device that only provides a detection alarm and no image).
- When scanning a person, the Information View displayed to the operator – Alarm Only, Body Location Alarm, Anomaly Image, Body Region Image, or Full Body Image.
- Whether the system/device includes any Privacy safeguards or features (e.g., remote viewing, body masking).
- Image Visualization Time of the system/device – Alarm Only, Real-Time Dynamic Imaging, Delayed Dynamic Imaging, or Static Imaging.
- Data Management provided for images and alarms, with respect to saving, archiving, retrieving, and printing subject scan information.
- Power requirements of the system/device.
- Regulatory & Compliance Safety requirements and/or standards that the system/device adheres to.
- Warranty that comes standard with the system/device.
- Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP).
- Extended Maintenance plans available.
- Cost(s) of any Service Contracts.
- Other information or notes that is relevant to the system/device.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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3.0 TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR BODY SCANNING
Metal detectors have been used for a while at entrances and screening areas, but they are limited to the detection of metals. X-ray devices and Millimeter Wave (MMW) devices are able to detect metallic and non-metallic contraband. Backscatter X-ray devices are able to detect contraband hidden beneath clothing, but do not image “through” a person. The imaging depth is typically a few mm below the skin surface. Devices using MMW technology are also able to image beneath typical clothing and to the surface of the skin. Neither of these techniques is able to detect contraband hidden inside the human body (e.g. swallowing contraband or contraband hidden in body cavities). Transmission X-ray based systems are able to image through the entire body, and are able to detect contraband hidden on and inside a subject.
There are safety and privacy concerns associated with some of these technologies. The exposure level of X-rays devices have been tested by several government agencies and found to be within acceptable limits set by governing bodies.[4,5]^ Even so, concerns regarding the safe use of X-rays to scan individuals can be an issue.[6]^ At a minimum, using X-rays is a public perception concern that should be considered when comparing these devices. Privacy issues have also been a concern, especially in public areas such as airports. Manufacturers responded to privacy concerns by producing devices that use generic “mannequins” to indicate suspicious areas during scanning. Once scanned, suspicious areas are highlighted on a generic mannequin and the subject undergoes additional screening. No images are viewed, or even produced. Privacy issues in non- public areas such as corrections facilities may not be as large a concern as compared to public areas, such as airports and schools.
3.1 Metal Detection
Metal detection is based on the way metallic objects react to magnetic fields. Metal detectors are designed such that it does not matter whether the object is magnetic or not, the main criterion for detection is that the object be an electrical conductor. Magnetic fields can be created using a loop of wire with an electrical current running through them. If current goes around the loop in only one direction, the magnetic field will have a specific North/South directionality. If the current is reversed and passed through the loop in the opposite direction then the directionality of the magnetic field produced will be in the opposite direction. Current that only goes in one direction through a wire is known as direct current, or DC. These single direction magnetic fields will interact strongly with magnetic materials, but they do not interact strongly with non-magnetic metals such as copper or certain stainless steel.
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NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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Figure 1: Magnetic fields produced by DC current in a loop of wire. Note that the current direction is opposite to the flow of electrons in conductive wires.
In order to detect both magnetic and non-magnetic metals, the directionality of the magnetic field is switched very fast by quickly alternating the direction that the current passes through the loop. This type of current is known as alternating current (AC). When the alternating magnetic field interacts with a conductor (a metal), an opposing magnetic field is produced by the conductor. It does not matter whether the conductor is magnetic or not, an opposing magnetic field is set up in either case. The magnetic field that is produced by the loop is called the applied field, and the opposing magnetic field set up by the conductor is known as an induced magnetic field. The induced field can be detected directly by the use of a second loop of wire, or indirectly by the effect it has on the applied magnetic field. Either way, the presence of an induced magnetic field is strong evidence that a metallic object is close by. The magnetic field produced by the coils is able to penetrate through the human body and therefore able to detect metallic contraband hidden both underneath clothing and inside of body cavities as long as the metallic contraband can be placed close enough to the applied magnetic field. These devices do not produce images. In addition, they are unable to detect non-metallic contraband.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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withheld because of security concerns. Even though these devices have been certified to operate within limits set by the government, there are some critics still question the safety aspects of devices that use ionizing radiation. Note that the European Union has also tested these devices and has disallowed their use for airport screening of passengers.[7]
Table 2: Examples of Radiation Dosages
Dose Example 0.05 – 0.25 μSv Dose from scanners described in this report 0.25 μSv US limit on effective dose from a single airport security screening[^8 ] 5 – 10 μSv One set of dental radiographs[^9 ] 1 mSv US dose limit for members of the public per year[^10 ]
- 5 – 1. 7 mSv Annual dose for flight attendants[^11 ] 15 – 30 mSv Single full-body CT scan[^12 ] 500 mSv US occupational dose limit per year[^13 ]
3.2.1 X-Ray Screening Devices
X-ray devices come in two types – Transmission X-ray devices and Backscatter X-ray devices. Transmission X-ray devices use X-rays that pass through the body; these are the types of devices that people are most familiar with for dental and medical purposes. Backscatter X-ray devices use X-rays that are scattered off the subject and travel back toward the source of X-rays. Backscatter devices expose the subject to less ionizing radiation than transmission devices, but they do not image the interior of the body.
3.2.1.1 Transmission X-Ray
Devices that rely on transmission produce higher energy X-rays that penetrate through the subject. Materials of different composition and density absorb or reflect X-rays differently. Bones and metal objects are better able to block X-rays than soft tissue. This difference shows up on an image produced by X-rays passing through the subject to a detector. The image produced is then examined for contraband. Since transmission devices use X-rays that pass completely through the body, metallic and non-metallic contraband material concealed either on or inside the body have the potential of being detected.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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Figure 3: Transmission X-ray devices rely on X-rays passing through the subject
3.2.1.2 Backscatter X-Ray
Backscatter devices use X-rays to image through clothing, but do not image inside the human body. This is because backscatter X-ray devices use lower energy radiation that reflects off of the target to be detected from the same side as the emitter. Backscatter X-rays devices have the potential to detect metallic and non-metallic contraband hidden on a person and underneath clothing, but they would not be able to detect contraband hidden within body cavities.
Figure 4: Backscatter X-ray devices rely on X-rays scattered from the subject
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NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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4.0 CONTRABAND SCREENING SYSTEMS
4.1 Millimeter Wave (MMW) Systems
MMW devices produce images of contraband beneath clothing by using extremely high frequency radio waves that are able to detect objects through typical clothing.
4.1.1 ProVision Imaging
Characteristic Details[^15 ,^16 ,^17 ,^18 ] Model and Name ProVision Imaging
Figure 5 : ProVision Imaging Image Reproduced with Permission
Manufacturer: L-3 Security & Detection Systems
http://www.sds.l- 3com.com/advancedimagi ng/provision.htm
Technology Active Millimeter Wave Size Class Fixed Dimensions 105 x 77 x 104 inches Weight 1500 lbs Detect Metals Yes Detect Non- Metals Yes Detect Cavity Concealed No Which Cavities N/A Size of Detected Objects
―Detection is consistent with TSA and EU regulations for Aviation threats‖ Scan Rate < 1.5 seconds Inspection Time 10 – 30 seconds Penetration Depth^2 –^4 layers of typical clothing for indoor environment Spatial Resolution < 0.42” (10 mm) Info View Full Body Image Image Visualization 3D image ~3 seconds after scanning Power 100/240 VAC 50/60 Hz Regulatory & Compliance Safety
UL- 61010 - 1 , CFR Title 47 15.107 and 15.109, IEC 61000 - 6 - 3 , IEEE C95.1, Safety Code 6, RSS 102, ICNIRP Warranty 1 + Year MSRP GSA Schedule: $148,362.72[^18 ] Other
The ProVision Imaging device is an active MMW device that is able to image metallic and non- metallic contraband including liquids, gels, rubber, wood, ceramic, powder, and explosives (both sheet and bulk). The scan can penetrate some body armor (contact vendor for specifics). It generates a three dimensional (3D) image that can be inspected by security personnel. Saved images include a scan ID, date and time stamp, and location of alarms identified. Privacy safeguards include remote viewing and body masking (face, chest, crotch, and others). ProVision Imaging systems can reveal threats smaller than the aviation regulations to an image analyst.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
4.1.2 ProVision ATD
Characteristic Details[^16 ,^18 ,^19 ] Model and Name ProVision ATD
Figure 6 : ProVision ATD Image Reproduced with Permission
Manufacturer: L-3 Security & Detection Systems
http://www.sds.l- 3com.com/advancedimagi ng/provision-at.htm
Technology Active Millimeter Wave Size Class Fixed Dimensions 105 x 77 x 104 inches Weight 1500 lbs Detect Metals Yes Detect Non- Metals Yes Detect Cavity Concealed No Which Cavities N/A Size of Detected Objects
―Detection is consistent with TSA and EU regulations for Aviation threats‖ Scan Rate < 1.5 seconds Inspection Time 12 – 15 seconds Penetration Depth
2 – 4 layers of typical clothing for indoor environment within 6 seconds Spatial Resolution < 0.42” (10 mm) Info View Body Location Alarm Image Visualization Alarm area marked on generic mannequin figure Power 100/240 VAC 50/60 Hz Regulatory & Compliance Safety
UL- 61010 - 1, CFR Title 47 15.107 and 15.109, IEC 61000 - 6 - 3, IEEE C95.1, Safety Code 6, RSS 102, ICNIRP Warranty 1 + Year MSRP GSA Schedule: $162,720.40[^18 ] Other
The ProVision ATD is an active MMW device that is able to detect metallic and non-metallic contraband, including liquids, gels, rubber, wood, ceramic, powder, and explosives (both sheet and bulk). The scan can penetrate some body armor (contact vendor for specifics). Potential contraband is automatically identified by computer algorithms with no image produced. Scan ID, date, time, and location of alarms produced can also be stored. The system is completely private with contraband indications displayed on a generic mannequin figure.
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NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
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4.2 Transmission X-Ray Systems
Transmission X-ray systems use X-rays that pass through a subject to reveal contraband hidden under clothing or even inside the body of the subject.
4.2.1 RadPro SecurPASS
Characteristic Details[^21 ,^22 ,^23 ] Model and Name RadPro^ SecurPASS
Figure 8 : RadPro SecurPASS Image Reproduced with Permission
Manufacturer: Virtual Imaging Canon Security
http://www.virtualimagi ng-fl.com/
Technology X-ray Transmission Size Class Fixed Dimensions 101 x 86 x 89 inches Weight 1433 lbs (650 kg) Detect Metals Yes Detect Non- Metals Yes Detect Cavity Concealed Yes Which Cavities All Size of Detected Objects Spatial Resolution:^ 0.25^ mm Scan Rate 7 seconds Inspection Time 15 – 20 seconds (based on 4 – 5 people per min) Penetration Depth Through^ Body Spatial Resolution 0.25 mm Info View Full Body Image Image Visualization Real^ Time^ Dynamic or^ Scroll^ Bar Power 110V, 30A Regulatory & Compliance Safety
ETL, UL, ANSI
Warranty 1 + year MSRP $215, Other Dose per inspection = 0.25μSv ( 25 μREM) / scan
The SecurPASS is a transmission X-ray system that is able to detect metallic and non-metallic contraband hidden both on a person and inside the body. Example non-metallic materials that can be detected include liquids, plastic, powders, paper, and wood. Scans can penetrate ceramic body armor and steel armor up to 30 mm in thickness. Images can be stored on the device and are stamped with the time, date, scan number, subject’s name, number and operator’s name. The device has the ability to track the scan history of an individual or scans can be automatically saved in a “Daily No ID Folder”. For privacy reasons, images can be masked and a remote viewing station can also be incorporated.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
NIJ SSBT CoE April 2014
UNCLASSIFIED
4.3 Backscatter X-Ray
Backscatter X-ray devices detect contraband beneath clothing by imaging the X-rays that scatter off a subject and their surface clothing/objects.
4.3.1 Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP
Characteristic Details[^24 ,^25 ,^26 ] Model and Name Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP
Figure 9 : Rapiscan Secure 1000 DP Image Reproduced with Permission
Manufacturer: Rapiscan Systems
http://www.rapiscansyst ems.com/en/products/ite m/productsrapiscan_sec ure_1000_dual_pose/
Technology X-ray Backscatter Size Class Fixed Dimensions 54 x 36 x 80 inches Weight 1097 lbs Detect Metals Yes Detect Non- Metals Yes Detect Cavity Concealed No Which Cavities N/A Size of Detected Objects
~0.05” (1 mm) metallic; 0.25” (~6.35 mm) non- metallic Scan Rate 6.5 seconds Inspection Time 24 – 30 seconds Penetration Depth 0.25^ –^ 0.5 inches Spatial Resolution
~0.05” (1 mm) metallic; 0.25” (~6.35 mm) non- metallic Info View Full Body Image Visualization Static image reviewed in^ approximately^ ~15 seconds Power 120/240 VAC @ 16/8 A Regulatory & Compliance Safety
Safety Act Certified: ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Warranty 1 + year MSRP $124, Other Dose per inspection < 0.05 μSv (5 μREM)
The Rapiscan DP is Backscatter X-ray system that is able image metallic and non-metallic contraband including liquids, gels, plastic, wood, ceramic, powder, and paper. The device is intended to image through clothing, but will not image through body armor. An image is produced and requires ~15 seconds to analyze. Face masking and remote viewing options are available for privacy concerns. Standard data records for each scan are available, including scan time, decision time, and decision result (Clear/Search). All reports are in text and/or CSV format for easy transport to standard PC programs for printing.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
